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A GLBTQ EDUCATION INTERNET RESOURCES Substance (Drugs / Alcohol)  Use / Abuse / Addiction

Index: - Drug / Alcohol Use / Abuse / Addiction -  - Couples / Families / Children / Adoption / Spousal Violence -  - The Elderly -  - Bisexuality -  - Religion   &  Spirituality -  - GLBT  History -  - HIV-AIDS - - Male  Youth Prostitution -  - Homosexuality:  Biological  or  Learned ? -  -  Public School Issues -  - Transgender / Transvestite / Transsexual -  - Lesbian  &  Bisexual Women -  - Homo-Negativity / Phobia -  - Identity Formation  &  Coming Out -  - Counseling  &  Therapy -  - Professional Education  -  - Gay & Bisexual Male Suicide Problems -  - Community Attributes  &  Problems -  - Race/Ethnic Minority Issues: U.S., Canada, Europe,  New Zealand & Australia -  -  Latin America / Africa - - Middle East / Asia

Substance (Drugs / Alcohol) Use / Abuse / Addiction

Advocate Poll: Has recreational drug use become a rite of passage for gay men and lesbians?  Yes =  38.3%, No = 51.3%, Undecided = 10.4%. - June 30, 1976: A legacy of drugs. - Fact Sheet About Gay/Lesbian Substance Abuse. - Facts on Lesbian & Gay Substance Abuse. - Gay people & drugs (West Midlands, UK). - Addictions and Homosexuality: Research problems. (Social Action Project) - Lesbian & Bisexual Women and Substance Abude (PDF Download). - Consumo de drogas y alcohol en la comunidad GLTB: Estudio de CIPAC revela que literalmente nos estamos matando. - Harm Reduction: Let's Stand Up For Queer Youth. - Social Risk Factors Associated with Substance Abuse Among Gay and Lesbian Youth. - What Is a Gay Friendly Alcohol Rehab? -Alcoholism Is a Disease in the the Gay and Lesbian Population Too. - 3 new studies cite HIV risk of meth use: Number of Clinic clients seeking help for club drug abuse on the rise. - Gay Youth Report Higher Rates Of Drug And Alcohol Use - University Of Pittsburgh Researchers Report Findings In Journal Addiction (2008). -  Dependência Química e Diversidade Sexual (2010) [Chemical Dependency and Sexual Diversity.] Google Translation.

1999 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey: "Sexual minority youth (those who identified themselves as gay/lesbian/or bisexual and/or who had any same-sex sexual contact) had higher rates of drug use than their peers, including higher lifetime rates of using marijuana (70% vs. 49%), cocaine (29% vs. 9%), methamphetamines (30% vs. 7%), and injected drugs (18% vs. 2%)." - Effects of Life Stressors on Substance Use Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth. - Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) and Transgender (LGBT) Substance Abuse Issues: Are Substance Abuse Issues: Are They at Higher Risk for They at Higher Risk for Substance Substance Abuse (PDF Download). - Alcohol & Seniors: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Older Adults. - Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Problems & Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Individuals (PDF Download) by NALGAP.

SIECUS Fact Sheet: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth: "A study of public high school students in the ninth to twelfth grades in the 1995 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance found: Gay, lesbian, and bisexual orientation was associated with an increased lifetime frequency of use of cocaine, crack, anabolic steroids, inhalants, “illegal,” and injectable drugs  Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth were more likely to report using tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine before 13 years of age. (Reference: R. Garofalo, R. Cameron Wolf, S. Kessel, et al., 1998, “The Association between Health Risk Behaviors and Sexual Orientation among a School-based Sample of Adolescents. Pediatrics, 101(5): 895-902.” PubMed Abstract.

Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals Smoke More than Heteros. - A Qualitative Exploration of the Tobacco Control Needs of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Community in Colorado. - With one of the highest rates of smoking among minority populations, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community is also one of the most underserved in terms of research and programs (Word Download). - Smoking Among Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals
A Review of the Literature (American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001; 21-2) (PDF Download) - Teen Assessment Project Executive Summary For the Community of Dover: Teen Assessment Project (TAP) (PDF Download): ""gay” (3%)". - Gay Teens in Upstate New York: A Study [TAP] of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Health Risk Behaviors. : "They are much more likely to: have tried to kill themselves; not feel safe in school; have sex several times a week; and never use condoms. In addition, these teens reported that they were much more likely to experience unwanted touching and sexual intercourse both by another teen and by an adult. They also indicated that they are many more times likely to be hurt at home, hurt by another teen, adult, or by boy/girl friend."

Drugs in the Gay Scene (The Stonewall Generation): "Drugs were part and parcel of the San Francisco experience, as well as the baby-boomer experience nationwide in the '70s... Especially in the heavy leather bathhouses, towards the time that they got shut down, they were mostly drug dens. It was very conducive to the kinds of things people were doing, but there was a lot of drugs. I remember at Animals, you could literally go up to the person running at the desk and say, "Okay, what room is the person selling in tonight?" And he'd go, "Oh, well, there's a store set up in room 12.""

Just Can't Get Enough: "When it comes to discussing drug and alcohol use among gay men and lesbians, it’s easy to simply focus on the sexy stories most widely reported by the mainstream media... One thing that’s extremely common in the homosexual experience, however, is that gay and lesbian bars and clubs are often among the first places young queers feel comfortable with their sexuality. "Look at the community. It revolves so much around bars and clubs," says Fitzsimmons. "When you’re coming out, your self-esteem might be shaky, and drugs or alcohol is a good way to calm down. But it’s very easy to slip into a situation where that becomes an addiction or that use puts the user at risk."" - Jane Likes Girls - Television movie 'The Truth About Jane' depicts a gay teen coming out: "Substance abuse, especially, can become an easy coping strategy; Jane, for example, at one point sneaks out of her house to drink her frustrations away."

Drug Abuse in Gay Males. - Drug and alcohol abuse as part of many problems facing GLB youth. (A part of document: "Health Concerns of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Community" 2nd Edition, 1997: PDF Download) - Related Statistics for Youth. - Opinion: "Don't get me wrong; I have no problems with the clubs in Buffalo. I like to go out sometimes myself. The problems I have are all the people who go out there to just get drunk and do drugs. Too many times lately I've seen my gay friends drown their sorrows in a bottle of their favorite alcohol or just get drugged up to forget things." - A Dialogue with John Preston: "...alcoholism and drug abuse are clearly out of control problems in the gay community, No one gets a handle, comes close to, or wants to deal with them. Socially, the urban gay world continues to revolve around bars." Suddenly, Everybody's Talking About Crystal and Sex: (Alternate Link) "I believe we gay men have always used drugs and alcohol as a coping mechanism to deal with the issues of gay oppression: we drink or take drugs because life is difficult, dating is dangerous, and relationships are frightening. And the drug that is most popular now, back from the 70s, is crystal, used among gay men as a sexual enhancement."

Party On: (PDF Download) The party scene... The dancing, the community, the drugs... Columnist Alan Ilagan gives us some perspective on the scene and his opinions of it. "From the giddy Ecstasy-driven heights of raving youngsters to the depths of those drowning in the dreaded K-hole, casual drug use on the gay scene may have deeper repercussions than a bad trip or a speed-induced freak-out. In one sense, drugs have become just another mask that we as gay men put on in order to hide our true selves. Even though many of us have come out of the closet, we still sometimes feel the need to hide ~ from pain, from possible rejection, from life itself. What better way to do it than in an altered state, where we can always lay claim to the excuse that "we weren’t our real selves"? Of course, there is another contingent which believes that drugs such as Ecstasy and alcohol enable them to reveal who they really are uninhibited and honest in a way that is often forbidden in society." (Other Articles. - Alan's Web Site)

Spinning out of control: "For some sex addicts, sex alone isn't enough of a high. They turn to crystal meth, a form of speed that doubles as an aphrodisiac. Here is a snapshot of what that experience can be like..." - Crystal Ball: (Alternate Link) The party drug crystal meth is fueling a new epidemic of unsafe sex - and, Ethan Brown reports, some experts fear the party's only just begun. - The sting: Navy investigators seeking ecstasy dealing at Washington dance clubs are accused of targeting gay sailors. Demon Drugs: "Danny Reese. He explored Ecstasy, nightlife, and sex as a part of coming out, then left Vancouver's gay party scene after he decided his drug use had become a problem." - Party Drug Use: - Overview. - Drugs, Doses & Effects. - Risks & Long-Term Effects. - Treatment & Prevention.

The Queer Issue - The return of public sex: "Insecurity has fueled the use of crystal meth and GHB. Both of these drugs, especially in combination, impart what Piel calls "that sense of erotic urges beyond your own control." Marathon sex sessions become uninhibited, athletic, passionate, transcendent—"better than any porno," says one 21-year-old tweaker. The rampant use of steroids, which are more readily available to gay men than ever before thanks to their potential to stave off AIDS wasting, adds to the feelings of power, sexual energy, and invulnerability. And as anyone who's seen a G fallout knows, drugs certainly inhibit the ability to negotiate safer sex." - Foul shot: Steroid use by gay males.

Crystal meth is an intensive stimulant with disinhibitory qualities: "Once very big amongst some of the US gay community but now spreading fast into mainstream culture, meth was originally used by bikers and truckers to stay awake on long journeys." - Crystal Meth & Sex: What's love got to do with it? N/A - tweaker.org: "This website contains information for gay and bisexual men who use methamphetamine. We in no way promote or encourage the use of this controlled substance. Instead, we seek to help individuals minimize the harms associated with use of methamphetamine. Because of our harm reduction goals, some language and imagery may not be suitable for individuals under 18 years of age." - GLMA Report Finds Meth Addiction Among Gay and Bisexual Men is Treatable. - The trouble with Tina: Experts say crystal meth is worst ‘club drug’ addiction to kick.  - Crystal Meth Working Group Receives Education Excellence Award. - Sexual behavior patterns of methamphetamine-using gay and bisexual men. - The New Plague: An Epidemic Swallowing Gay America. - Crystal addict must hit bottom first: experts - Patience advised for family, friends often manipulated by meth abusers.

CRISSY Campaign. Make Room for the New Girl in Town - CRISSY has Arrived! New STOP AIDS Project campaign talks about the relationship between sex, crystal meth (speed) and HIV. - Who's that girl? Crissy is the new meth in your neighborhood. - Making Everything Crystal Clear. - Tina Rules: "Easy as it may be to say that crystal is a problem that belongs solely to the circuit crowd, it's actually far more insidious and is used by gays of all socio-economic levels." - From the LGBT Health Channel: Party Drug Use. - crystalneon.org: "This website contains information for gay and bisexual men who use methamphetamine." - crystalneon.org's resources. - Is L.A.'s gay community suffering a crystal epidemic? It depends on who you ask. - Meth and the Gay Community. - The Gay Community's New Epidemic: "the epidemic of drug use in the gay clubs. The use of the drugs is so tied to the place they are consumed that they have been nicknamed "club drugs." Among the favorites are crystal, GHB, ketamine and ecstasy." - Methamphetamine and HIV.  - Unknown odds: Mixing party drugs & HIV cocktails.

The AIDS epidemic is soaring in the gay community, blamed this time on drug abuse. Crystal meth is behind the rise in HIV infection. - Drugs and Alcohol: Use or Chemical Dependence? - Risky Business. - Party drug use. - Club Drugs. (Alternate Link)- Worrying About the Dark Side of 'Circuit Parties'. - Circuit party planners meet to discuss unsafe sex, drugs. - As New Years' weekend approarches...: "Gay City is concerned about how little information is available to gay and bisexual men on the risks associated with the combination of certain common club drugs. To respond to this problem, Gay City is launching a new media campaign to address the use of recreational drugs among Seattle's gay and bisexual men." - Gay City urges Gay and Bisexual men to party smart for New Year’s Eve: "'Obviously the most healthy choice is for people not to use party drugs,' said John Leonard, Gay City executive director. 'But for many in the Gay community, drug use is a big part of our culture.' - Why? "It was about 4:00am, January 1, 1990. I was reeking of alcohol..." - The Alcohol and Drug Wildcard: Substance Use and Psychiatric Problems in People with HIV.

GLMA N/A: methamphetamine use has been a particularly destructive problem for members of our community for quite some time. An analysis of 2,300 "speed" clients seen by providers of direct drug treatment services in San Francisco in 1994-95 demonstrated that 39 percent of them were LGBT and 37 percent were HIV positive. - Celebrating Difference? Recreational Drug Use in Manchester's "Gay Village." - Westside / Cover Story, Positively Risky; Sex-Enhancing Drug May Expose New Generation of Gay Men to AIDS. - Ninety Gay Minutes in the Life of Rufus Wainwright: ...And perhaps most notably, he's a gay musician who is utterly frank about his sexuality, his troubled past, and his opinions. And yes, people still buy his records... Many celebrities wouldn't hold up to – let alone stand for – an unfiltered look at the ins and outs of their professional and private lives. But Wainwright has been an uncommonly candid figure since the beginning, speaking publicly about both family struggles (his parents' divorce; his issues with his father) and his battles with drug addiction, both of which also became catalysts in his songwriting..." - Relations lesbiennes et beaucoup de drogue pour Lindsay Lohan. 

Is L.A.'s gay community suffering a crystal epidemic? It depends on who you ask. - Meth and the Gay Community. - The Gay Community's New Epidemic N/A: "the epidemic of drug use in the gay clubs. The use of the drugs is so tied to the place they are consumed that they have been nicknamed "club drugs." Among the favorites are crystal, GHB, ketamine and ecstasy." The ABC’s of X K & G: "The drug 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), most fondly known as ecstasy, XTC, X, or Adam, is one of many designer drugs who's use runs rampant in the gay community. Ecstasy is a type of amphetamine (speed) and shares properties of both amphetamines and hallucinogens. The increasing use of ecstasy is related to an undeserved reputation for safety, affordability, and the effects of benevolence and emotional bonding that ensues. Touted as a drug that enhances sexual libido, more accurate accounts describe sensations of "loving everything and everyone around you", and enhancing empathy, introspection, and communication."

Healthy and Gay: In this, the last of our "Party People" series, I wanted to wrap up and draw some closure to the topic of party drugs before moving on to discuss other gay related health issues. Over the past three months we have focused primarily on the three "newest" of the popular party drugs. It is important to remember that these are certainly NOT the only drugs on the scene. Reports show that in the gay community use of ecstasy, special K, and GHB is higher than ever; but our community is also still frequently using drugs like cocaine, crystal meth, LSD ("acid"), rohypnol ("roofies"), Viagra, and poppers." - Risky sex, drugs: circuit party norms? - Gay Men May Take Health Risks At 'Circuit Parties': "He and his colleagues surveyed nearly 300 gay and bisexual men in the San Francisco area... Most of the men reported using at least one recreational drug when attending an out-of-town circuit party, Colfax and his colleagues report, with 80% taking Ecstasy, 66% taking ketamine, 43% crystal methamphetamines, 29% the so-called 'liquid Ecstasy' GHB, 14% taking the impotence drug Viagra, and 12% taking amyl nitrates, also known as 'poppers.' (Related Research Paper) - Rise in Viagra Abuse Spells Trouble: Gay men mixing erectile drug with illegal substances, health officials say. - Viagra Use Among American Gay Men Cause for Concern.

Poppers and Viagra heady, deadly combo: "The study also confirmed the experts' suspicions -- the connection between gay men, Viagra, combination drugs and unsafe sex. While most experts agree that the popper/Viagra combination is dangerous and lends to unsafe sexual environments, it is not usually lethal. Still, the link between Viagra and illicit drugs has sparked other studies since the 1999 circuit party study." - Gay Community Meets to Discuss Viagra Danger: "Viagra is said to counteract temporary impotency induced by the use of cocaine, methamphetamine (crystal), ketamine (special k), and other illegal substances such as ecstacy." - All mixed up: "Viagra, ecstasy, crystal, ketamine, and poppers each has its own dangerous effects. But taken together, they create drug combinations that can kill." - Drug & Alcohol Facts.

New York City Department of Health Bureau of HIV Prevention Gay and Lesbian Health Report: Substance Abuse. (Alternate link) - GLB Youth And Drugs.- Of greater San Diego's 2.7 million people, approximately 10% are gay and lesbian. Of those, one third - 90,000 persons  - are affected by alcoholism and/or drug abuse. - And Now, A Word From Your Mother.... Drug & Alcohol use and abuse in gay society N/A. - Sex for two days straight: Exploring the enduring appeal - and some of the risks - of ecstasy.  -  Meth, Men, Myths: Increased Risk in the Gay Community N/A. - In New York City, it is estimated that there are more than 300,000 of us who are having problems with alcohol and other drugs ...

Alcohol use, drug use and alcohol-related problems among men who have sex with men: the Urban Men's Health Study: "Men who identified as being gay or bisexual or who reported sex with another man in the prior 5 years were included in this analysis (n = 2172)... A probability telephone sample of MSM was  taken within Zip Codes of four large American cities (Chicago, Los Angeles,  New York and San Francisco) estimated to have total concentrations of at least 4% of all households with one resident ... Both recreational drug (52%) and alcohol use (85%) were highly prevalent among urban MSM, while current levels of multiple drug use (18%), three or more alcohol-related problems (12%), frequent drug use (19%) and heavy-frequent alcohol use (8%) were not uncommon."

Substance use among men who have sex with men: comparison with a national household survey. "Compare substance use among men who have sex with men (MSM) at high risk for HIV infection to a nationally representative sample of heterosexual men... Drugs with the highest relative risks were "poppers" (21.6 [15.2-30.8]), sedatives (6.98 [2.46-19.8]), hallucinogens (6.14 [4.61-8.17]), tranquilizers (4.99 [2.96-8.42]), and stimulants (4.47 [3.58-5.58]). RR was higher for weekly use of poppers (33.5 [12.5-89.6]), stimulants (2.75 [1.79-4.22]), marijuana (2.37 [1.93-2.92]), and cocaine (2.24 [1.32-3.79]); and for daily use of marijuana (1.49 [1.08-2.05]). - Sex, Alcohol and Other Drugs: More from SUMS (the Seropositive Urban Men's Study).

Hustlers and dealers get gate at gay spa: Spa managers and police sources deny rumours of police surveillance inside the popular bathhouse: "One of Toronto's leading bathhouses is barring hustlers and dealers after complaints from high-profile members of the gay community, tub sources say. According to some observers, it's the latest example of a gay haunt that tolerates open sexuality being forced to tone it down."

Nice Boys and Needles: A Closet Within A Closet: Injection Drugs, HIV & Gays: "To this day, none of Michael’s other friends or his male partner of 7 years know that he became HIV infected not through unprotected sex, but while sharing syringes. “Nick” is still protecting his lost friend through concealing their identities in this story.As a former injection drug user and HIV prevention worker, he knows the importance of guarding secrets... A “nice boy” persona, narrowly defined images of those most at risk for HIV, profound losses from the AIDS epidemic, and, to a certain extent, prejudice toward and within the gay community all contribute to a “closet within a closet” when in comes to needle use among same-sex loving persons... Gay men who inject are 20 times as likely to acquire HIV then their non-gay counterparts and three times as likely to acquire HIV as gay men who do not inject... 'And, in this instance, why is it that even those members of the gay, white community feel compelled to keep secrets?'"

Trends in HIV seroprevalence and risk among gay and bisexual men who inject drugs in San Francisco, 1988 to 2000. "Trends in HIV infection and risk behaviors were calculated for gay/bisexual ( n = 1594 interviews) IDUs in 26 semiannual cross sections from 1988 to 2000... HIV seroprevalence among gay/bisexual IDUs decreased from the range of 35% to 45% in 1988/1989 to 25% in 1996 and then began to increase, reaching 42% in 2000. In contrast, HIV prevalence among heterosexual male IDUs remained stable during the study period. For gay/bisexual IDUs, injection and sex-related HIV risk behaviors declined modestly throughout the study period. As of the last cross section  (July 2000), however, over a third of respondents reported recent syringe sharing or unprotected anal sex."

Overdosing among young injection drug users in San Francisco. "Their median age was 22, and their median number of  years of injecting was 4. About 48% reported at least one overdose, with a median of two overdoses reported. Overdosing was associated with injecting "speedballs" (i.e. mixtures of heroin and cocaine), with borrowing syringes, and (with P-values of borderline statistical significance) with heroin injection and with gay or bisexual behavior. It was not associated with age, sex, years of injecting, or frequency of injecting. In multivariate analysis, only borrowing syringes and gay or bisexual behavior were independent statistically significant predictors, probably because gay and bisexual subjects were more likely to be heroin or "speedball" injectors."

Substance use among gay and lesbian adolescents. "Surveys at a Massachusetts high school used multiple items to identify gay, lesbian, and bisexual teenagers. Students with consistent homosexual preferences had greatly elevated rates of substance use. Those who displayed a homosexual preference but answered less consistently also had somewhat higher rates of substance use but were closer to heterosexual youths than to more consistent homosexual youths. The differences in substance use were least for alcohol use and greater for "hard" drugs." - Riding the Rave scene: "In warehouses and stadiums across the country, gay youth have found an open, accepting, albeit chemically enchanced, place to be out..."

Women's Health: Your Top Ten List: (Alternate Link)"This isn't the only report of its kind. According to the new book, Addictions in the Gay and Lesbian Community, "recreational drugs, used as part of weekend and  night 'life' are particularly popular. In recent years these so called 'club drugs' have become a regular part of many gay men and women's social life." Ecstasy, GHB  and Special K all fall under the umbrella of club drugs."

Hillier L, et al. (2005). The association between drug use and sexual orientation in young women. Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University. PDF Download. "9260 women, aged 22 to 27 years, of whom 8409 were heterosexual and 797 were non-heterosexual... After adjusting for age, region of residence, and father's occupation, non-heterosexual women were more likely to be current smokers (OR 3.18, 95% CI 2.61-3.89); consume alcohol at high risk levels (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.68-3.72); have used illicit drugs the last year (OR 5.50, 95% CI 4.51-6.71); and, to have injected illicit drugs (OR 12.26, 95% CI 8.53-17.63). Use of marijuana, amphetamines, LSD, ecstasy/designer drugs, tranquilisers, natural hallucinogens, cocaine, inhalants and barbituates were elevated in non-heterosexual women and these effects remained even after adjusting for age, region of residence and father's occupation."

K-Y survey re-prioritizes Gay and Lesbian health concerns: "Although HIV and AIDS ranked #1 as the most pressing health concern for self-identified Gay men, who accounted for 64 percent of all  respondents, mental health/depression ranked at #2. Depression was the most pressing concern for 36.3 percent of Gay men and for  58.7 percent of Lesbians... Still, he found one finding particularly encouraging: 40 percent of Gay men said they never used party drugs, nor was it found in their close circle of friends. 'There’s a perception for a lot of people that all Gay men do drugs," he said. "People make assumptions, but we need facts more than assumptions.'"

Sexual minority adolescent girls: A population at risk? A secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health: "The sexual minority girls report smoking, drinking, using illegal drugs and contemplating suicide all significantly more often than did the heterosexual girls... it appears that external stressors play a significant role in sexual minority girls' placing themselves at risk."

The nature and predictors of substance use among lesbians. "Two hundred sixty-three lesbians completed a self-report questionnaire as part of a larger study. Neither high rates of heavy drinking nor drug use were found in this sample. Among those who did drink excessively, it was associated with avoidant coping. Perceived stress and social resources did not differ significantly from the general female population. Levels of stress, social support, and coping style were not predictive of problematic substance use."

Use of alcohol among lesbians: research and clinical implications. "A review of the literature on the prevalence of alcohol use and problems among lesbians reveals that the few studies yielding information on this population are beset by design and methodological problems. Those factors possibly associated with higher risk status of lesbians are identified..."

Women who have sex with other women: HIV seroprevalence in New York State counseling and testing programs. "HIV seroprevalence in women sexually active exclusively with women in this sample was calculated at 3.0%, at 4.8% in women sexually active with both women and men and at 2.9% in women sexually active exclusively with men. According to the self-reported data in this study, injecting drug use is, by far, the predominant risk factor for seropositive WSW. Significant HIV-related public health/preventative implications for WSW and their service providers  are suggested by this data, including the need for prevention education targeted to WSW who are IDUs..."

HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors among lesbians and bisexual women in San Francisco and Berkeley, California. "A total of 498 lesbians and bisexual women was sampled from public venues in San Francisco and Berkeley, Calif, during 1993. The overall HIV seroprevalence was 1.2%. Ten percent of participants reported injecting drugs since 1978."

Health Concerns of the Transgender Community: "Many members of the transgender/transsexual community rely on prostitution as one of the few available work options. As the evidence from interviews and observations suggests, this is particularly a risk for transgenders who come from low income and minority communities. Transgenders who are involved in sex industry work are especially at risk for alcohol and intravenous drug abuse... Both alcohol and drug use, often rooted in feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, are common in the transgender community as a whole, not just among sex industry workers. Drugs used by transgenders include crack and heroin; methods of use include snorting, free-basing, and injecting. Although accurate statistics on drug and alcohol use are scarce, there is substantial evidence in the published literature and from interviews in Boston that such use is widespread and significant. A study of transgender prostitutes in two areas of Atlanta, Georgia found the rate of crack use to be 71% and 56.3% respectively. The MDPH/GISST study estimated that at least 80% of Boston's transgender population has a drug and/or alcohol problem."

Gender Identity 101: A Transgender Primer.(Alternate Link) "As with the general population, transgender persons of color are more likely to be economically disadvantaged and face disproportionately higher rates of victimization, unemployment, substance abuse, HIV infection, prostitution, and other difficulties. Transgender persons of color also report a loss of community identity when their gender identity becomes known. In African American, Asian, Pacific Islander, or Latin American contexts, for example, heterosexual males and females commonly stereotype gay males and lesbians as no longer a part of their ethnic  community because they assume that all people of color are or should be heterosexual. This ostracism carries over to transgender individuals (Source: Israel & Tarver, 1997). " - Building culturally sensitive substance use prevention and treatment programs for transgendered populations.

Substance abuse counsellor's attitudes regarding lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered clients. "242 substance abuse counselors in Iowa completed mail-in questionnaires... The counselors reported very little formal education regarding the needs of these clients, and nearly half had negative or ambivalent attitudes. Respondents had the greatest negativity  regarding transgendered clients and reported knowing the least about this group. Counselors frequently lacked knowledge about the legal issues of these clients, the concepts of domestic partnership and internalized homophobia, and family issues." - GLB Issues; What you need to know (APA).

Special Issue: Addictions in the Gay and Lesbian Community - Abstracts (Journal Of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 3-3/4, 2000): Substance Abuse, Internalized homophobia, and Gay Men and Lesbians: Psychodynamic Issues and Clinical Implications by Robert Paul Cabaj. - The Prevalence of Alcoholism and Feelings of Alienation in Lesbian and Heterosexual Women by Carrie Jaffe, Pauline Rose Clance, Margaret Nichols, James Emshoff. - Gay Men, Lesbians and Substances of Abuse and the “Club and Circuit Party Scene:”  What Clinicians Should Know by David McDowell. - Treating Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Professionals with Addictive Disease by Penelope Ziegler. Gay Teens and Substance Use Disorders:  Assessment and Treatment by Eva Olson. - The Importance of Specialized Treatment Programs for Lesbian and Gay Patients by Daniel Hicks. - A Memoir of Homosexuality, Psychiatry, Chemical Dependence, Depression and Recovery: Confessions of a Social Activist by Anonymous. - Sex Like You Can’t Even Imagine:  “Crystal”, Crack and Gay Men by Jeffrey R. Guss. - Psychoanalytic and Behavioral Approaches to Drug-Related Sexual Risk Taking:  A Preliminary Attempt at Conceptual and Clinical Integration by David Ostrow, R. Dennis Shelby. - Sexual Compulsivity in Gay Men from a Jungian Perspective by John Gosling. - Reification and the ecstasy of the Chelsea boy by Stephen Hartman. (PDF Download of Abstracts: - http://www.haworthpressinc.com/store/Toc/J236v03n03_TOC.pdf)

Drug abuse and the Gay Men Project - Issue Papers, July 1999 (Australia) (PDF Download): (Alternate Link) (Download Page):  Issue Paper 1: The Social Construction of Risk and Control - Issue Paper 2: Drug Using Networks in Inner Sydney - Issue Paper 3 Injecting Drug Use and Risk - Issue Paper 4: Sex, Drugs and Risk - Issue Paper 5: Drug Use amongst Gay Men in a Large Regional Town in NSW. - Changing community, changing practice? Young gay men, HIV and gay community (Australia, 2004: PDF Download). See Section "Drugs: Drugs and sage sex, Drugs and gay community. - The Health in Men and Positive Health cohorts: A comparison of trends in the health and sexual behaviour of HIV-negative and HIV-positive gay men, 2002-2005. National Centre in HIV Social Research.(PDF Download): "Table 4.1a shows that, at every round of data collection, about 70% of the HIV-negative men reported having used at least one party drug in the six months prior to interview..."

Sydney Gay Community Periodic Survey: February 1996 to February 2006. (National Centre in HIV Social Research and National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The University of New South Wales, PDF Download): "In February 2006 about 47% of the respondents reported having used ecstasy in the six months prior to the survey (see Table 7). Other drugs used by a sizeable proportion of participants were marijuana (38%), amyl/poppers (42%) and speed (26%). Special K, Viagra, cocaine and crystal meth were also used by about 20% of the men surveyed.". - Drugs, Space, and Sociality in a Gay Nightclub in Sydney. - Gay Community Periodic: Quuenland, 2006 (PDF Download): "Based on responses to Question 53, about 60% of the respondents had used one or more of the drugs listed in the questionnaire during the six months prior to the survey... Participants were also asked about smoking cigarettes, pipes or other tobacco products and 45.1% of the men responded that they had smoked tobacco products..." - LGBTTTIQ Overview (Australia).

Project: Cocaine Use and Risks for HIV/HCV Transmission among IDUs in the Sydney Party Subculture (1999 - 2000). - Alcohol and other drugs - are trends changing? - Issues Paper Drugs & alcohol use within GLBTI communities (PDF Download N/A): Now part of a report: PDF Download. Download Page. - Alcohol abuse and dependence in the gay and lesbian populations. - Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Problems & Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (Lgbt) Individuals.(PDF Download)

Australia Releases Study of Gay Teens: "Nearly half (49.1 per cent) had had a session of binge drinking (defined as five or more drinks on one occasion for boys and three or more for girls) in the previous two weeks. Self-identified gay male teens were twice as likely as their heterosexual peers to have three or more binge drinking sessions, and the girls were also more likely, although less markedly, the report says. Only 2.1 per cent of all students had injected drugs, but gay male teens were four times more likely to have tried it, and same-sex-attracted girls three times as likely." (PubMed Abstract)

Beyond Perceptions: A report on alcohol and other drug use among gay, lesbian, bisexual and queer communities in Victoria (June 2000: PDF Download) (PDF Download. Web Page for Download): "In 1998 the questionnaire was distributed to members of GLBQ communities throughout Victoria. A total of 518 (37%) were returned. The findings were compared to the 1998 National Drug Household Survey after appropriate statistical adjustments had been made. The questionnaire formed the basis of the quantitative analysis... Male respondents in the younger category (20-29yrs) had the highest rates of alcohol and other drug use in the last month (see table A). The most common were alcohol (93.5%), tobacco (34.8%), volatile nitrates (30.4%) followed by marijuana (23.9%) and ecstasy (23.9%). Heroin use was reported by 2.2% of this group. Those aged 30-39 years had the highest percentage reporting recent use of volatile nitrates (36.4%), marijuana (27.3%) and LSD (5.7%)... the level of use for most drugs in the present sample is substantially higher. For example 76% of younger people (20-29) in this GLBQ sample compared to 20% in the NHS had ever used amphetamines. Overall the alcohol and other drug use within the GLBQ communities is two-to four-fold higher than in the broader community. In this survey men were up to twice as likely to report having ever used any particular drug, compared to women.

A History of Peer-Based Drug-User Groups in Australia. - ALSO and ADF Project on Alcohol and Drug Use. - Gay/bi men & substance use (pt1) N/A. - Gay/bi men & substance use (pt2) N/A. - Lesbian Alcohol and Drug Support Group. - Living and Loving as a Clean and Sober Lesbian. Chapter VI: Alcohol & Drug Use/Abuse (GLB: PDF Download).

Lesbians, Gays, and Alcoholism Treatment: Challenges to Recovery. - Health Concerns Among Gay Men. - Correlations between substance abuse and a history of violence among homosexual men and women. - Gays, Lesbians, Alcoholism Treatment. - A Safe Place for Recovering GLBTis. - Hi, my name is Mac and I am an Alcoholic: "Due to the high incidence of alcoholism and drug addiction amongst members of the gay community, I feel that I would like to share the story of my own alcoholism and addiction. With it, I will also share the story of the sometimes rocky road of recovery..."

Pride Institute, the nation's leader in providing addiction treatment for the lesbian, gay, and bisexual communities, provides such an environment.- Alternatives. - A lifetime of lost weekends: Analysis / Programs targeting gay & lesbian addicts help them keep clean. - A drug rehab for the GLBT community.  Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Transgender Recovery and Spirituality Sites on the Web. - Recovery in the gay and lesbian community. - Gay Drug Rehab and Gay Alcohol Rehab Programs in Texas. - Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Treatment for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Questioning (GLBTQ) Population.

Gay Men's Health (UK): Drugs & Alcohol: "Recreational drugs and alcohol play an important part in the lives of many gay people. Although drugs and alcohol are often used responsibly and do no serious harm to an individual, this is not always the case. There are numerous related issues, such as legality, impact on sexual health, and the dangers of date-rape drugs. Our section drug information provides details on individual drugs, including cannabis and ecstasy, and gives often-used slang or alternative names. Those living with HIV need to be especially aware of the potential effects of using recreational drugs. see our section on "drugs and HIV". We also have a short guide to how drug and alcohol use could affect your sexual behaviour. In June 2005 Gay Men�s Health launched Outing Drugs, a report giving the findings of its drugs and alcohol needs assessment. The report is available in PDF format here. - Drugs & Alcohol, Know the Score...A Guide for Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People (UK, PDF Download).

Lesbians, Gay Men and Alcohol Conference Report (UK, May 2001) Introduction & Discussion - Maeve Malley, Deputy Director, Alcohol East, and Jan Bridget, Lesbian Information Service. PDF Download.

From Soulforce: Drug Addiction, Loneliness, Self-Hatred, Guilt, and Fear: - Substance Abuse in the Gay and Lesbian Community. - Getting Help For Yourself or For Someone You Know. - A Wide Selection of Helpful Resources

ADAPT (Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention Training): - Fact Sheet on Gay / Lesbian Substance Abuse. - Gay/Lesbian Sensitivity Trainings for Substance Abuse Counselors. - Drug Can Be Lethal If Taken With Alcohol: "An increase in recreational use of gamma hydroxy butyrate, or GHB, among gay and bisexual men has resulted in an alarming rise in reported overdoses in recent weeks. Many of the dozen GHB overdoses reported in Ann Arbor and Ferndale were among gay and bisexual men."

Drug Rehabs for the LGBT Community. - GLBT Dual Diagnosis Treatment Programs in Florida. - GLBT Friendly Alcohol Detox Programs; Only a Few. - The GLBT Community and Their Need for Substance Abuse Treatment. - Living Sober - by Dwight Stevers  - Lesbian Social Drinking: The role of Alcohol in Growing and Living as Lesbian N/A. Lesbian and Bisexual Women and Subtance Abuse (PDF Download). - Overcoming addiction without getting addicted to God. - Preventing Substance Use, Sexual Risk and Suicide in Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Teens. 

Homeless Queer Youth: "Life on the streets may involve the use and/or abuse of alcohol and drugs, criminal activity, survival prostitution, violence, dropping out of school, and exposure to HIV and other infections. Durby states that drug use 'is almost routine among homeless youth.'" - Street of Broken Dreams: "What led you to start tricking? D: Drugs. I didn't know how to support my drug habit, and I didn't want to steal money from my family, so I came to the boulevard. David, so you do it for the drugs? Are most of the hustlers doing it for the drugs? D: Yeah, most of them are. The ones that are not doing it for the drugs are the lucky ones. They can get out quicker..." - Young, homeless, gay and on meth. - Advocacy groups call for action on homeless gay youths: " Once homeless, the report says, these young people are more vulnerable than their peers to mental health problems, substance abuse, and sexually transmitted diseases. The report's lead author, NGLTF policy analyst Nicholas Ray, said about one third of homeless gay youths engage in ''survival sex''—exchanging sex for money, food, clothes, or drugs." - Homeless Queer Youth: PDF Download.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth: An epidemic of homelessness: Download Page. - Full Report: PDF Download: "The combination of stressors inherent to the daily life of homeless youth leads them to abuse drugs and alcohol. For example, in Minnesota, five separate statewide studies found that between 10 and 20 percent of homeless youth self-identify as chemically dependent. These risks are exacerbated for homeless youth identifying as lesbian, gay or bisexual (LGB). Personal drug usage, family drug usage, and the likelihood of enrolling in a treatment program are all higher for LGB homeless youth than for their heterosexual peers... In recent years, increased attention has been paid to how LGBT youth might be at particular risk for substance abuse and associated health risks. Social stigma is a potent force behind the substance abuse problems of LGBT homeless youth. LGBT youth in general experience chronic stress that is inflicted by peers and family members in the form of verbal and physical abuse. However, this verbal and physical abuse is associated not only with increased substance abuse by LGBT youth but also with negative outcomes including schoolrelated problems, running away from home, conflict with the law, prostitution and suicide... In their six-state, eight-city study of public health issues that focused on substance use, Van Leeuwen et al. indicate that alcohol abuse was more common among LGB respondents (42 percent of sample) than non-LGB youth (27 percent of sample) and 38 percent of LGB youth had been in a substance abuse treatment program, as compared to 27 percent of non-LGB youth." - The fact sheets for Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Detroit, Florida, Los Angeles, New York and San Francisco. - More Help Urged for Homeless Gay Youth. - Characteristics and HIV risk behaviors of homeless, substance-using men who have sex with men.

NYC Alcoholism/Addiction and Gay-Related Link. -  Prevline's Publications for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, & Transgendered Communities N/A. - Lesbians’ Drinking Patterns: Beyond the Data: Introduction & Full Text N/A, Abstract. Abstract. 

Treatment Options Are Available For Substance Abuse. - Help for addicts: "Aiming to provide better substance abuse treatment for gay patients, the federal government in January issued a new guide to assist in the development of culturally relevant rehabilitation programs for gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgendered people." - Seattle's Drugs & Alcohol Resources.

In July of 1979, the National Association of Lesbian and Gay Alcoholism Professionals - now the National Association of Lesbian and Gay Addiction Professionals (NALGAP) - was formed to fight an epidemic: alcohol and other drug addiction in the gay and lesbian communities and homophobia in the alcoholism and drug addiction treatment fields. - NALGAP Web Site: "Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Problems & Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Individuals" provides an overview of of LGBT substance abuse issues (PDF File, 200k) - LGBT Populations: Substance abuse statistics. - Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youth / Adults [& Substance Abuse] N/A: "Research has found that gay, lesbian, and bisexual Americans are at increased risk for alcohol and other drug problems. Although this audience comprises more than 10 percent of people at risk for problems, alcohol and other drug programs generally do not address their prevention needs."

At the Pacific Research and Training Alliance: "We established the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Technical Assistance Project in 1995, with additional funding from the California Department of Alcohol and Other Drug Programs. This project became one of the first programs in the country to offer training, program assessments, and information on the problems of substance abuse in the LGBT community. In 1998 the project expanded into tobacco education and research with additional county and state grants, and co-produced Practical Guidelines When Considering Tobacco, Alcohol and Pharmaceutical Funding. The year 2000 saw funding levels doubled and continued growth in the project." - The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Technical Assistance Project.

Center for Addiction and Mental Health: Gay Males, Lesbians, Bisexual People. - CAMH: Rainbow Services: "provides counselling to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and transsexual people who are concerned about their use of drugs and alcohol. Our services are available to individuals with a variety of goals, including those who want to try to quit, cut down, or who would just like to gain more awareness about their drinking or drug use. Our programs are specialized to take into account the unique needs and issues that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and transsexual people face..." - Substance Use: Issues to consider for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, transsexual, two-spirit, intersex and queer communities.

CSAP Intitute for Partnership Development: Learning About Prevention Issues in the Gay and Lesbian Community.

From Prevline: Resource Guide: Lesbians, Gay Men, Bisexuals and Transgender Populations.N/A. - A Provider's Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Individuals (PDF Download) (Related Information).  - Celebrating the Pride and Diversity Among and Within the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations: Substance Abuse Prevention & Treatment Issues N/A. - 5 Key Facts N?A. - Prevention Primer: Gay, Lesbian, & Bisexual Youth/Adults N/A SAMHSA. "...alcohol and other drug programs generally do not address their prevention needs. "Proceedings, The Research Symposium on Alcohol and Other Drug Problem Prevention Among Lesbians and Gay Men. California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs (1991). -  Prevention Resources N/A. - Treatment & Recovery Resources N/A. -  Club Drug Scene Quiz N/A. NOTE: Fed LGBT website erased by Bush drone (Posted by Sheelzebub January 23, 2006 in Bush Admin): "Reader Andy of Eleventh Avenue South shot me an email to answer the question that I posed in an earlier post, How long before a Bush drone puts a stop to this? The answer is 12 days, friends. That’s how long it takes for a Bushie to scrub a government web site of gay-positive content. The URL: http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/features/lgbt/ used to go to the “Celebrating the Pride and Diversity Among and Within the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations” section (Google cache of the yanked page here) of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s web site. Surfing there today, you receive the following message..." - SAMHSA Move Against Gay References Sparks Outcry. - Deleted Webpages from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. - Substance Abuse: Prevention & Treatment Issues. 

Do specialized services exist for LGBT individuals seeking treatment for substance misuse? A study of available treatment programs: "In a recent search of SAMHSA treatment listings, 11.8% (N=911) of substance user treatment programs (including residential, outpatient, and partial hospitalization) in the United States and Puerto Rico indicated that they offer specialized services for LGBT clients. However, a telephone survey we conducted in 2003-2004 revealed that 70.8% of these "LGBT" programs were no different from services offered to the general population, and only 7.4% could identify a service specifically tailored to the needs of LGBT clients..."

National Institute on Alcohol and Alcoholism (2002+). Module 10G: Sexual Orientation and Alcohol Use Disorders: Participant Handout. Full Text. "Researchers disagree as to the exact number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) individuals living in the United States and other countries (Berger & Kelly, 1995). Furthermore, considerable disagreement persists about the prevalence, causes, and consequences of alcohol use and abuse among LGBT persons. Based on early and methodologically unsound studies, reports of alarmingly high rates of alcohol and other drug use within the LGBT population were published. More recent investigations have revealed lower rates of heavy drinking and fewer differences in patterns of use between LGBT and heterosexual groups. Whether they drink more, the same, or less than heterosexuals, LGBT persons are subject to many of the same risks and consequences of use. In addition, they also encounter population-specific risks. When addressing alcohol use/abuse prevention and treatment issues, LGBT individuals deserve the same compassionate, informed responses as those given to other populations or groups. The goal of this module is to increase social workers' understanding of, and responsiveness to, the unique characteristics and concerns of LGBT individuals in relation to alcohol use, prevention, and treatment..."

Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among lesbians and gay men: "Much of the research on alcohol use among sexual minorities has focused on White, middle-class, and well-educated lesbians and gay men. There is a clear need for more research with bisexual women and men and with sexual minority members of color. Longitudinal studies, including those that focus on treatment effectiveness, are particularly lacking..."

The APA Healthy Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual. - StudentsProject On-line Database. - Counseling & Treatment Issues: An Annotated Bibliography N/A.

Research in Progress (Australia): Gay community periodic surveys (Sydney, Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, Queensland, Canberra). - The role of drugs during group sex among gay men in Australia (2009).

Pilot Project: Substance Abuse, Comorbid Mental Health  Problems, and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Gay Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents. "To address these gaps in our knowledge, the proposed RO1 study is a 5-year longitudinal study that will identify the influence of risk and protective factors associated with substance abuse disorders, comorbid mental health problems, and HIV risk behaviors among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents as they move from adolescence to young adulthood." - Risk and protective factors associated with substance use among gay, lesbian and bisexual adolescents. 

Substance Use among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations: This session will investigate specific issues that are related to substance use within the LGBT community, and will explore topics relating to the assessment and delivery of substance use services to LGBT populations. Structural and other barriers will be identified, and recommendations will be outlined to improve access to service deliver... Social identity and substance use in the lesbian community. - Risk and protective factors associated with substance use among gay, lesbian and bisexual adolescents. - Substance use and high risk sexual behaviors among rural gay men. - Estimates of alcohol use and clinical treatment needs among homosexually active men and women in the U.S. population. - A challenge for managed care: Addressing addictive disease treatment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. - Lesbians, Gays, and Alcoholism Treatment: Challenges to Recovery.

Specialty Programs Impress Many at Facility for Drug Rehab in Florida: "After extensive research & experience in treating the GLBTQ population, Lakeview’s medical staff began to see the impact heterosexism, homophobia, prejudice and discrimination could have on individuals. For this reason they developed Freedom Rings a program for drug rehab in Florida based on the belief that the vast majority of the GLBT community would derive greater benefit from a gay friendly drug rehab program, one that incorporates quality drug addiction treatment with “real world” interaction. Overall, for a person to derive the greatest benefit out of a facility for drug rehab in Florida, they must feel safe enough to be completely honest, secure in not being judged and in an addiction treatment setting that resembles the “real world”. For certain groups such as the Gay and Latino community, this can prove extremely difficult in a drug rehab, addiction treatment program or alcohol rehab that does not view sexual preference and cultural differences as a priority..." - Lakeview Health Systems Drug Rehab Center, Specializing in Gay Friendly Addiction Treatment Programs, Launches New Comprehensive Website.

Kû Aloha Ola Mau: A place of healing and recovery: "In the 1980's, with the advent of HIV/AIDS, DASH was faced with a new disease and a new stigma. Its devastating effects threatened the lives of first, gay males, then injection drug users and then the general population. Forced now to pay attention to this stigmatized population, the community provided more resources to care for drug users and persons with AIDS. This movement miraculously saved the State from sky rocketing HIV infection rates that other states experienced because of transmission through injection drug users." - Supporting Transgender People Living with Addictions: A Skill-Building Workshop for Addictions Service Providers (PDF Downkload). - The Washington Transgender Needs Assessment Survey: Executive Summary.

Resources: - Iowa Subtance Abuse Information Center: Resources For Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, or Transgender Individuals. -- CAPS Resources. - Alcoholism Addiction and Mental Health Help: Addiction Treatment Information & Support - GLBT Programs.  - Jonathan Huttner: EzineArticles.com Expert Author. -Gay Men's Health: Drugs & Alcohol.

Resources: - Gay & Lesbian Alcoholics: Alcoholism Recovery Support. - A Collection of Alcohol and drug Recovery information for Gays. - Select AA Meetings for Gay Beginners and Visitors in Manhattan, NYC. - The International Advisory Council (IAC) serves the gay and lesbian members of A.A. - AA Resources. - Options: Drug & Alcohol Treatment for the Gay & Lesbian Community. - FreedomRings: A drug rehab for the GLBT community. - Out Interventions.  - Alternatives: gay owned and operated alcohol, drug and mental health program. - Pride Institute: LGBT mental health & chemical dependency care. - Spencer Recovery Centers: We offer many types of treatment some of which are detox, inpatient treatment, outpatient treatment, residential living, and can custom design a treatment plan best suited for your needs. This site was built to introduce our gay and lesbian drug and alcohol abuse treatment track. - The Body:  Gay Men & HIV/AIDS Articles.

Resource links: - QRD (Queer Resources Directory) Search. - Gayscape. - About Resources N/A. - Search Google.com - Search findarticles.com: many full text articles and papers. - Substance Abuse News & Resource Center. - LGBT Resources.

Abstracts: - Victimization, Substance Use, and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Gay/Bisexual/Two-Spirit and Heterosexual American Indian Men in New York City. - Poly-club-drug use among gay and bisexual men: a longitudinal analysis. - Intimate Partner Abuse among Gay and Bisexual Men: Risk Correlates and Health Outcomes. - Depression ratings, reported sexual risk behaviors, and methamphetamine use: latent growth curve models of positive change among gay and bisexual men in an outpatient treatment program. - Use of illicit drugs among gay men living with HIV in Sydney. - It's all about "connecting": reasons for drug use among Latino gay men living in the San Francisco Bay Area. - Exploring racial and ethnic differences in recreational drug use among gay and bisexual men in New York city and Los Angeles. - Use of crystal methamphetamine among gay men in London. - Correlates of heavy substance use among young gay and bisexual men: The San Francisco Young Men's Health Study. - Sildenafil (Viagra) and Club Drug Use in Gay and Bisexual Men: The Role of Drug Combinations and Context. - Influence of gender, sexual orientation, and need on treatment utilization for substance use and mental disorders: findings from the California Quality of Life Survey (2009).

Abstracts: - Differences in club drug use between heterosexual and lesbian/bisexual females. - Substance use and social identity in the lesbian community. - Alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems, and other substance use among lesbian and bisexual women. - Drug use, drug severity, and help-seeking behaviors of lesbian and bisexual women. - Sexual and drug risk behaviors among women who have sex with women. - Sexual risk factors among self-identified lesbians, bisexual women, and heterosexual women accessing primary care settings. - Age and racial/ethnic differences in drinking and drinking-related problems in a community sample of lesbians. - Butch/femme differences in substance use and abuse among lesbian and bisexual female youths. - Assessment of Difference in Dimensions of Sexual Orientation: Implications for Substance Use Research in a College-Age Population (2005). - Age Differences in Lesbian Identity Development and Drinking (2007).  - Consequences of Frequenting the Lesbian Bar (2007). - Drug use and Hispanic men who have sex with men in South Florida: implications for intervention development (2009). - Behavioral couple therapy for gay and lesbian couples with alcohol use disorders (2009).

Abstracts: - Predictors of substance use over time among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: An examination of three hypotheses. - Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths: who smokes, and why? - Delinquency, victimization, and substance use among adolescents with female same-sex parents. - Characteristics of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals entering substance abuse treatment. - Gay/Lesbian sexual orientation increases risk for cigarette smoking and heavy drinking among members of a large Northern California health plan. - Prevalence of non-medical drug use and dependence among homosexually active men and women in the US population. - Eo na Mahu o Hawai'i: the extraordinary health needs of Hawai'i's Mahu. - Behavioral risk disparities in a random sample of self-identifying gay and non-gay male university students (2009). - Sexual Risk and Substance Use Behaviors Among African American Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women (2009). - Homonegativity, substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and HIV status in poor and ethnic men who have sex with men in Los Angeles (2009). - Alcohol and drug use and related consequences among gay, lesbian and bisexual college students: Role of experiencing violence, feeling safe on campus, and perceived stress (2010). 

Bibliography: "Gay, lesbian and bisexual substance abusers" at the ALCOHOL & DRUG ABUSE INSTITUTE LIBRARY, University of Washington. - Ed Dworkin's "Substance Abuse" Annotated Bibliography. - Behavior and Substance Abuse (862 references). - Biblography of Gay and Lesbian Substance Abuse For the American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry. - Sex workers N/A. - CAPS Biblliography / Abstracts. - Problems Specific To Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual People: Articles Relating to Drug Abuse or Suicide by GLB Persons. - Counseling & Treatment Issues: An Annotated Bibliography N/A. - Gay and Lesbian Community and Chemical Dependence Indexed Bibliography of Articles Published in Professional Chemical Dependency Journals. - Bibliography for Working with Lesbian and Gay Clients. - LGBTTTIQ Substance Use/Abuse Papers. - CAMH GLBT Bibliography. - AFFIRM: GLBT Substance Abuse Bibliography. - Lesbian, Gay Men And Substance Abuse Resources (Word RTF Download). - Gay and Lesbian Community and Chemical Dependence Indexed Bibliography of Articles Published in Professional Chemical Dependency Journals (2008, PDF)

Books: - Counseling Lesbian Gay and Bisexual Persons With Alcohol and Drug Abuse Problems - 1994 -  by J. H. Niessen - Dual Identities : Counseling Chemically Dependent Gay Men and Lesbians - 1987 - edited by Dana G. Finnegan, Emily M. McNally (First Edition). -  Dual Identities : Counseling Chemically Dependent Gay Men and Lesbians - 2002 - edited by Dana G. Finnegan, Emily M. McNally (Fourth Edition) (Google Books).  - Accepting Ourselves & Others: A Journey into Recovery from Addictive and Compulsive Behaviors for Gays, Lesbians & Bisexuals - 1989 - by Sheppard B. Kominars, Kathryn D. Komi (Excerpts, 14 pages). - Coming out of Shame: Transforming Gay and Lesbian Lives - 1996 - by Gershen Kaufman and Lev Raphael (Amazon). - Alcoholism and Homosexuality - 1982 - edited by Thomas O. Ziebold and John E. Mongeon. - Double Duty: Gay Lesbian - 1990 - by Claudia A. Black. - Addiction and Recovery in Gay and Lesbian Persons - 1995 - edited by Robert J. Kus (Review) (Google Books).

Books: - Vastly More Than That: Stories of Lesbians & Gay Men in Recovery - 1999 - by Guy Kettelhack (Excerpts, 12 Sample Pages). -  Addiction and Recovery of Gay and Lesbian Persons - 1995 -  by Robert J. Kus (Table of Contents, 18 Sample Pages).(Also published as Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, v.2, no.1, 1995) - Pink Therapy: A Guide for Counselors and Therapists Working with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients - 1996 - edited by Charles Neal and Dominic Davies. - Making Lesbians Visible in the Substance Use Field - 2005 - edited by Elizabeth Ettorre. - Substance Use Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Clients: Assessment and Treatment - 2009 - by Sandra Anderson. - Pleasure Consuming Medicine: The Queer Politics of Drugs - 2009 - by Kane Race (By Author) (About the Author) (Review).- Substance Use Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Clients: Assessment and Treatment - 2009 - by Sandra C. Anderson.

Books: - The next step: lesbians in long-term recovery - 1994 - by Jean Swallow (Amazon.com Reference). - Amazon Spirit: Daily Meditations for Lesbians in Recovery - 1996 - by Eleanor Nealy. - Suicide Tuesday: Gay Men and the Crystal Meth Scare - 2005 - by Duncan Osborne. - The Politics of Crystal Meth: Gay Men Share Stories of Addiction And Recovery - 2005 - by Kenneth Cimino. - Shameful Cravings: A Review of Addictions in the Gay and Lesbian Community - 2000 - edited by Jeffrey R. Guss and Jack Drescher. - Addictions in the Gay and Lesbian Community - 2000 - edited by Jeffrey Guss and Jack Drescher (Amazon). (Journal Of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 3(3/4): Special Issue: Addictions in the Gay and Lesbian Community: Table of Contents) (Review).

Books: - Lavender Light: Daily Meditations for Gay Men in Recovery - 1995 - by Adrian Milton. - Gay Men of Alcoholics Anonymous: First-Hand Accounts - 1990 - by Robert J. Kus (Editor). - AIDS and Alcohol/Drug Abuse: Psychosocial Research - 1996 - by Dennis G. Fisher (Editor).  - Gay Men, Drinking, and Alcoholism - 1995 - by Thomas S. Weinberg. - Gay and Sober: Directions for Counseling and Therapy - 1990 - edited by Thomas O. Ziebold and John E. Mongeon. - Crystal Meth And Men Who Have Sex With Men: What Mental Health Care Professionals Need to Know (Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy) - 2007 - edited by Milton L. Wainberg, Andrew J. Kolodny, Jack Drescher. - Cruise Control: Understanding Sex Addiction In Gay Men - 2005 - by Robert Weiss (Review).

Search Engines & Directories: - Google.com. - Google Scholar. - MSN Search.- Proteus Search. - Wikipedia Listing of Search Engines. - All GLBT Resource Directories. - Google's GLBT Directory. - Yahoo's Directory. - DMOZ: Open Directory. - BGLAD. - Wikipedia. - GLBTQ: The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture.

Directories for Open Access Resources: - The Directory of  Open-Access Journals. - Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR). - Yahoo Theses Access Directory. - Google Directory: Free Access Online Archives.

Open Access Collections From Multiple Sources: - Australian Research Online. - hal: articles en ligne (French / English Version). - Archive Ouverte INRIA. - Hispana. Directorio y recolector de recursos digitales. - Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal.  - Pacific Rim Library. - OAIster: a union catalog of available digital resources. - OpenPDF.com. - OpenJ-Gate: Open Access. -  findarticles.com: many free full text articles and papers. - Scribd.com. 

Search for Free Papers / Book Reviews: - All Papers are free at BioMed Cental (Open Access) & PubMed Central. - HighWire Press (Numerous Free Papers).  eScholarship Repository:  University of California, e-books, journals and peer-reviewed documents. - DSpace Eprints: Australian National University. - DSpace@MIT. - Virginia Tech: Digital Library / Archives. - eScholarship: U of California. - University of Southampton CiteBase. - Eprints: University of Nottingham. - T-Space at The University of Toronto Libraries.  - NTUR, National Taiwan University. - Allacademic: Some free papers to either read online or download as PDFs. -  UNESCO: Articles, Report, Dissertations, Films, etc. - Kyoto University Research Information Repository. - Doctoral dissertations and other publications from the University of Helsinki. - E-LIS: eprints in Library & Information Services. - CogPrints: eprints. - RePEc: Research Papers in Economics. - DiVa: Scandinavian University Documents. - The International Gay & Lesbian Review (IGLR): Book Reviews & Abstracts. - InterAlia, a peer-edited scholarly journal for queer theory. 

Search for Free Articles, Papers or Reports:  FindArticles.com - The Free Library. - France Queer Resources Directory. - Séminaire gai. - The QRD. - GLBTQ: The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture. - Human Rights Campaign. - IGLHRC: The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission. - ILGA: The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. - ILGA-Europe: International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association of Europe. - Magnus Hirschfeld Archive for Sexology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. - Kinsey Institute Staff Publications. - Sexual Policy Watch Working Papers. -  NAZ Foundation International: Primary aim is to improve the sexual health and human rights of marginalised males who have sex with males, their partners and families in South Asia and elsewhere.  The World Health Orgazization. - The Body: The complete HIV/AIDS Resource. - POZ Magazine: Archive dates back to 1994.

Search for Papers, with Abstract Available (Some May Be Free): The National Library of Medicine (Free papera are highlighted). Abstracts from searches are available at: ERIC: The Education Resources Information Center (Many Free Documents). - Informaworld. - Oxford Journals (Some Open Access Content). - Springer Journals (Some Open Access Content). - ScienceDirect Journals. - University of California Press Journals on Caliber. - IngentaConnect. - Project Muse. - JSTOR: The Scholarly Journal Archive. - Wiley Interscience. - Cambridge Journals Online: Follow Link. - Sage Journals. - Palgrave Macmillan Journals. - Emerald E-journals. - University of Chicago Journals. - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Journals. - HeinOnline (Access Free Content, Law Papers). - SSRN: Social Science Research Network.

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Full Text Articles / Papers / Studies / Reports (and/or Abstracts):

Adams J, Braun V, McCreanor T (2007). Warning Voices In A Policy Vacuum: Professional Accounts Of Gay Men’s Health In Aotearoa New Zealand. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 30: 199-215. Full Text. PDF Download. Download Page.

AIDS Committee of Toronto (2001). Drug Use & HIV Risk Among Gay Men in the Dance/Club Scene in Toronto: How Should AIDS Prevention Programmes Respond? Full Text. PDF Download. Download Page.

Amico J (2003). "Pink" and Different: Sexuality and Addiction. Addiction Today. 15(81). PDF Download.  Download Page.

Amico JM (1997). Assessing sexual compulsivity/addiction in chemically dependent gay men. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 4(4): 291- 297. PDF Download.  Download Page.

Amirkhanian YA, Kelly JA, Takacs J, Kuznetsova AV, DiFranceisco WJ, Mocsonaki L, McAuliffe TL, Khoursine RA, Toth TP (2009). HIV/STD prevalence, risk behavior, and substance use patterns and predictors in Russian and Hungarian sociocentric social networks of men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 21(3): 266-79.  PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Bell AV, Ompad D, Sherman SG (2006). Sexual and drug risk behaviors among women who have sex with women. American Journal of Public Health, 96(6):1066-72. PDF Download. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Blanch Consulting (2003). Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Health and Wellbeing Needs Assessment (Tasmania). PDF Download.

Bockting W, Knudson G, Goldberg JM (2006). Counselling and Mental Health Care of Transgender Adults and Loved Ones. Vancouver Coastal Health, Transcend Transgender Support & Education Society, and the Canadian Rainbow Health Coalition. PDF Download.

Bradford J, et al. (2005). Transgender Health Access in Virginia: Focus Group Report. Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study, Phase 1. Virginia HIV Community Planning Committee and Virginia Department of Health. PDF Download.

Bridget J (2002+). LGB Alcohol/Drug Misuse. A UK Submission. PDF Download.

Brooks MK (2001). Legal Issues for Programs Treating LGBT Clients, Chapter 3. In:  SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 28-48. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

Cabaj RB (2001). Clinical Issues With Gay Male Clients, Chapter 8. In:  SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 78-86. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

Cabaj RP, et al. (2001). An Overview for Providers Treating LGBT Clients, Chapter 1. In: SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 1-14. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

Cabaij RP, Smith M (2001). Overview of Treatment Approaches, Modalities, and Issues of Accessibility in the Continuum of Care, Chapter 4. In: SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 49-60. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (----). ARQ2: Asking the right questions 2: "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, transsexual, two-spirit, intersex, and queer (LGBTTTIQ) people have specific life factors that relate to substance use and/or mental health problems. These factors include “coming out,” gender transition, societal oppression, loss of family support, isolation, and the predominance of bars in LGBTTTIQ communities. To provide effective addiction and mental health services, therapists/counsellors need to be aware of these life factors in clients. Asking the Right Questions 2 will help service providers create an environment where all clients feel comfortable talking about their sexual orientation and gender identity. Full Text.

Cheng, Zhankun (2003). Issues and standards in counseling lesbians and gay men with substance abuse concerns. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 25(4): 323-336. Full Text.

Chesney MA, Barrett DC, Stall R (1998). Histories of substance use and risk behavior: precursors to HIV seroconversion in homosexual men. American Journal of Public Health, 88(1): 113-6. PDF Download. 

Clarke M (2007). Tobacco Use in Lesbian, Bisexual and Trans Women Communities. OWHN E-Bulletin, Spring. PDF Download. 

Clements K (1999). The Transgender Community Health Project: Descriptive Results. San Francisco Department of Public Health. Full Text.

Cochran SD, Ackerman D, Mays VM, Ross MW (2004). Prevalence of drug use and dependence among homosexually active men and women in the US Populations. Addiction, 99: 989-998. PDF Download. 

Cochran BN, Stewart AJ, Ginzler JA, Cauce AM (2002). Challenges faced by homeless sexual minorities: comparison of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender homeless adolescents with their heterosexual counterparts. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5): 773-7. Full Text. PDF Download. 

Cochran SD, Mays VM, Alegria M, Ortega AN, Takeuchi D (2007). Mental health and substance use disorders among Latino and Asian American lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 75(5): 785–794. Full Text.

Cochran SD, Keenan C, Schober C, Mays VM (2000). Estimates of Alcohol Use and Clinical Treatment Needs Among Homosexually Active Men and Women in the U.S. Population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(6): 1062-1071. PDF Download.

Crofts N. David H (1993). A History of Peer-Based Drug-User Groups in Australia. Journal of Drug Issues, 25, 599-616. Full Text.

Department of Human Services in conjunction with the MACGLH (2002). Issue paper on major drug and alcohol facing GLBTI Victorians. PDF Download N/A.

Deiss RG, Brouwer KC, Loza O, Lozada RM, Ramos R, Cruz MA, Patterson TL, Heckathorn DD, Frost SD, Strathdee SA (2008). High-risk sexual and drug using behaviors among male injection drug users who have sex with men in 2 Mexico-US border cities. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 35(3): 243-9. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Duesberg P, Koehnlein C, Rasnick D (2003). The chemical bases of the various AIDS epidemics: recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition. Journal of Biosciences, 28(4): 383-412. PDF Download. 

Eisenberg M, Henry W (2003). Social infuences on substance-use behaviors of gay, lesbian, and bisexual college students: findings from a national study. Social Science and Medicine, In Press. PDF Download.

Eisenberg M, Henry W (2003). Substance use behaviors among college students with same-sex and opposite-sex experience: results from a national study. Addictive behaviors, 28: 899–913. PDF Download, PubMed Abstract. Alternate PDF Download Link.

Finnegan DG, McNally EB (1996). Chemically dependent lesbians and bisexual women: recovery from many traumas.  Published simultaneously in: Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment. 6(2): 87-107, and in: Chemical Dependency: Women at Risk - 1996 - edited by Brenda L. Underhill and Dana G. Finnegan, 87-107.  PDF Download.  Download Page. - Out of Denial: An interview with Dana Finneggan and Emily McNally: PDF Download.

Finnegan DG, McNally EB (1995). The National Association Of Lesbian And Gay Alcoholism Professionals (Nalgap): A Retrospective. Published simultaneously in the Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 2(1): 83-90, and in: Addiction and Recovery in Gay and Lesbian Persons - 1995 - edited by Robert J. Kus (Review). PDF Download.  Download Page. - Out of Denial: An interview with Dana Finneggan and Emily McNally: PDF Download.

Finnegan DG, et al. (2001) Counselor Competence in Treating LGBT Clients, Chapter 13. In: SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 114-121. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

Finnegan DG (2001). Clinical Issues With Lesbians, Chapter 7. In:  SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 73-77. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

Fogarty A, et al. (2006). The Health in Men and Positive Health cohorts: A comparison of trends in the health and sexual behaviour of HIV-negative and HIV-positive gay men, 2002-2005. National Centre in HIV Social Research. PDF Download.  Download Page.

Frazer S (2004). Changing community, changing practice? Young gay men, HIV and gay community. See Section "Drugs: Drugs and sage sex, Drugs and gay community. National Centre in HIV Social Research.  PDF Download. Download Page.

Freese TE, Miotto K, Reback CJ (2002). The effects and consequences of selected club drugs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 23: 151– 156. PDF Download N/A.

Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA). Substance Abuse. In: Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA). Healthy People 2010: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Health: 330-351.  PDF Download.  Whole Document: PDF Download.

Ghindia DG, et al. (2001). Related Health Issues [for Substance Abusing GLBT People], Chapter 12. In:  SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 104-113. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

Gillett J, Pawluch D, Cain R (2001). Complementary Approaches to Health Care: Diverse. Perspectives among People Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS & Public Policy Journal, 16(1-2): 16-27. PDF Download..

Global Action on Aging (2006). Alcohol and Seniors: Alcohol Dependence and Misuse among Older Gay and Lesbian People. Full Text.

Graglia M (2000). L’uso di sostanze stupefacenti nei gay e nelle lesbiche. Personalità/Dipendenze, 2: 35-42. PDF Download.

Grella CE, Greenwell L, Mays VM, Cochran SD (2009). Influence of gender, sexual orientation, and need on treatment utilization for substance use and mental disorders: findings from the California Quality of Life Survey. BMC Psychiatry, 9:52. PDF Download.  PDF Download.

Gruskin EP, Gordon N (2006). Gay/Lesbian sexual orientation increases risk for cigarette smoking and heavy drinking among members of a large Northern Californiahealth plan . BMC Public Health, 6. PDF Download. xx

Harawa NT, Williams JK, Ramamurthi HC, Manago C, Avina S, Jones M (2008). Sexual Behavior, Sexual Identity, and Substance Abuse Among Low-Income Bisexual and Non-Gay-Identifying African American Men Who Have Sex with Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(5): 748–762. Full Text.

Herbert JT, Hunt B, Dell G (1994). Counseling gay men and lesbians with alcohol problems. Journal of Rehabilitation, 60(2): 52-57. Full Text.

Hegna K (2007b). Homo? Betydningen av seksuell erfaring, tiltrekning og identitet for selvmordsforsøk og rusmiddelbruk blant ungdom. En sosiologisk studie [Gay? The importance of sexual experience, attraction, and identity for suicide attempts and substance use among teenagers in Norway. A sociological study.] Doctoral thesis, the Institute of Sociology and Social Geography at University of Oslo. Download Page. PDF Download.

Hillier L, et al. (2005). The association between drug use and sexual orientation in young women. Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University. PDF Download. Download Page.

Hillier L, et al. (2003). The association between licit and illicit drug use and sexuality in young Australian women. Medical Journal of Australia, 179 (6): 326-327. Full Text.

Hirshfield S, Remien RH, Walavalkar I, Chiasson MA (2004). Crystal methamphetamine use predicts incident STD infection among men who have sex with men recruited online: a nested case-control study. Journal of Medical Internet Reseaarch, 6(4):e41. Full Text. Full Text.

Hughes TL, Johnson TP, Wilsnack SC, Szalacha LA (2007). Childhood risk factors for alcohol abuse and psychological distress among adult lesbians. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(7): 769-89. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Husbands W, et al. (2004). Party Drugs inToronto's Gay Dance Club Scene: Issues for HIV Prevention for Gay Men. Toronto: AIDS Committee of Toronto. PDF Download.

Husbands W, et al. (2006). Sex and Drugs: Community Community-Based Research at ACT  [the AIDS Committee of Toronto]. CUHI Seminar PowerPoint Presentation..PDF Download.

Hyde Z, Comfort J, McManus A, Brown G, Howat P (2009). Alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use amongst same-sex attracted women: results from the Western Australian Lesbian and Bisexual Women's Health and Well-Being Survey. BMC Public Health, 2;9: 317. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Jackson K (2004). What’s Sex Got to Do With It? - Addiction in the GLBT Community. Social Work Today. 4(4). Full Text.

Jefferson G, Tkaczuk N (2005). Outing Drugs. Gay Men's Health, Wiltshire & Swindon. Report of the community-led research project focusing on drug and alcohol use by Gay Men's Health Wiltshire & Swindon amongst the gay and bisexual male communities in Wiltshire and Swindon. PDF Download. 

Jordan KM (2000). Substance Abuse Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Adolescents. School Psychology Review, 29(2): 201-20. PDF Download. 

Kalichman SC, Benotsch E, Rompa D, Gore-Felton C, Austin J, Luke W, DiFonzo K, Buckles J, Kyomugisha F, Simpson D (2001). Unwanted Sexual Experiences and Sexual Risks in Gay and Bisexual Men: Associations Among Revictimization, Substance Use, and Psychiatric Symptoms. Journal of Sex Research, 38(1): 1-9. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com. (Journal of Sex Research: Table of Contents).

Kelly BC, Parsons JT (2008). Predictors and comparisons of polydrug and non-polydrug cocaine use in club subcultures. American Journal of Drug an Alcohol Abusem 34(6): 774-81. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Keogh P, et al. (2009). Wasted Opportunities: Problematic alcohol and drug use among gay men and bisexual men. UK: Sigma Research. PDF Download.

Kiminars SB, Kibben R (2001).  Training and Education [for Providers of Services to LGBT Clients], Chapter 15. In: SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 130-137. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download.

Klitzman RL, Pope HG, Hudson JI (2000). MDMA ("Ecstasy") abuse and high-risk sexual behaviors among 169 gay and bisexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157: 1162-1164. Full Text. PDF Download.

Knox, Sher (2003). Sexual minority youth and substance abuse: Addressing the issue. CYC [The International Child and Youth Care Network]-Online, 49: February. Full Text.

Kubicek K, McDavitt B, Carpineto J, Weiss G, Iverson EF, Kipke MD (2007). Making Informed Decisions: How Attitudes and Perceptions Affect the Use of Crystal, Cocaine and Ecstasy among Young Men who Have Sex with Men. Journal of Drug Issues, 37(3): 643-674. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Kurtz SP (2009). Arrest histories of high-risk gay and bisexual men in Miami: unexpected additional evidence for syndemic theory. Journal of Psychoactive Drugsm 40(4): 513-521. PDF Download.

Kuyper LM, Lampinen TM, Li K, Spittal PM, Hogg RS, Schechter MT, Wood E (2004). Factors associated with sex trade involvement among male participants in a prospective study of injection drug users. Sexually transmitted Infections, 80(6): 531-535. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Lacouture, Yves (1998). La toxicomanie chez les personnes homosexuelles: une recension des écrits. Governement du Québec. Minitère de la Santé and des Services Sociaux. Comité Permanent de la lutte à la taxiconomie. PDF Download.  PDF Download.

Lambert G, et al. (2007). Correlates of risky sexual behaviour among HIV negative man having sex with men at their last sexual encounter (LSE) Results from the ARGUS 2005 survey survey, Montréal. Presentation: Canadian association for HIV research, Toronto, Mai 2007. PDF Download.. Download Page.

Lee JG, Griffin GK, Melvin CL (2009). Tobacco use among sexual minorities in the USA, 1987 to May 2007: a systematic review. Tobacco Control, 18: 275-282. Full Text.

Leonard W (2003). Health and sexual diversity: A health and wellbeing action plan for gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex (GLBTI) Victorians. Ministerial Advisory Committee on Gay and Lesbian Health. PDF Download. Download Page. 

Leonard, William - Ministerial Advisory Committee on Gay and Lesbian Health (2002). Drug and Alcohol Use within GLBTI Communities. In: What’s the Difference? Health Issues of Major Concern to Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (GLBTI) Victorians published by Rural and Regional Health and Aged Care Services Division Victorian Government Department of Human Services Melbourne Victoria: 45-50. PDF Download. Download Page.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Constituent Committee (2004). Invisible Californians: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Substance Abuse Clients and  Their access to prevention, treatment, and recovery support services in the State. A Report to the Director, CA Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs. Word Download. PDF Download.

Leslie DR, Perina BA, Maqueda MC (2001). Clinical Issues With Transgender Individuals, Chapter 10. In: SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 91-98. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

Lévy JJ, Garnier C (2006). Drogues, médicaments et sexualité. Drogues et sexualité, 5(2). Full Text.

Lohman R (2001). Using Alliances and Networks To Improve Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Clients, Chapter 17. In:  SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 147-158. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download.

MacFarlane (2003). LGBT Communities and Substance Use: What Health Has To Do With It! A Report On Consultations With LGBT Communities.Submitted on behalf of LGBT Communities and the Substance Use Working Group lgbt health association of B.C.  PDF Download.

Mansergh G, Colfax GN, Marks G, Rader M, Guzman R, Buchbinder S (2001). The Circuit Party Men's Health Survey: findings and implications for gay and bisexual men. Anerican Journal of Mental Health, 91(6): 953-8. PDF Download.

Marshal MP, Friedman MS, Stall R, King KM, Miles J, Gold MA, Bukstein OG, Morse JQ (2008). Sexual orientation and adolescent substance use: a meta-analysis and methodological review. Addiction, 103(4): 546-56. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Matthews CR, Lorah P, Fenton J (2006). Treatment experiences of gays and lesbians in recovery from addiction: a qualitative inquiry. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 28(2), 111-133. Full Text.

McCabe PT (2001). Families of Origin and Families of Choice, Chapter 6. In: SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 68-72. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

McNair RP (2003). Lesbian health inequalities: a cultural minority issue for health professionals. Medical Journal of Australia, 178 (12): 643-645. Full Text.

McNalley EB (2001). The Coming Out Process for Lesbians and Gay Men, Chapter 5. In:  SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 61-67. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

McVinney (2001). Clinical Issues With Bisexuals, Chapter 9. In:  SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 87-90. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

Murname A, et al. (2000). Beyond Perceptions: A report on alcohol and other drug use among gay, lesbian, bisexual and queer communities in Victoria. Victoria Health.  PDF Download. Download Page. PDF Download.

National Institute on Alcohol and Alcoholism (2002+). Module 10G: Sexual Orientation and Alcohol Use Disorders: Participant Handout. Full Text.

NALGAP (2002). Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Problems & Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Individuals. PDF Download.

Nemoto T, Operario D, Keatley J, Han L, Soma T (2004). HIV Risk Behaviors Among Male-to-Female Transgender Persons of Color in San Francisco. American Jounral of Public Health, 94(7): 1193–1199. Full Text. PDF Download.

Newman PA, Rhodes F, Weiss RE (2004). Correlates of sex trading among drug-using men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 94(11): 1998-2003. Full Text. PDF Download.

Nicely, Eric S (2001). Internalized Homophobia, Stages And Processes Of Change And Alcohol Use Among Gay Men: A Clinical Dissertation. PhD. Dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, Alemeda, CA. PDF Download. Download Page.

Offen N, Smith EA, Malone RE (2008). Is tobacco a gay issue? Interviews with leaders of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 10(2): 143-57. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Oggins J, Eichenbaum J (2002). Engaging Transgender Substance Users in Substance Use Treatment. The International Journal of Transgenderism, 6(2). Full Text.

Orenstein A (2001). Substance use among gay and lesbian adolescents. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(2): 1-15. Summary & Graphing of Results.

Otis J. et al. (2006). Drogues, sexe et risques dans la communauté gaie montréalaise : 1997-2003. Drogues, Santé et Société, 5(2), 161-197. PDF Download. 

Parsons JT, Kelly BC, Weiser JD (2007). Initiation into methamphetamine use for young gay and bisexual men. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90(2-3): 135-44. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Paul JP,  Stall R,  Bloomfield KA (1991). Gay and alcoholic: epidemiologic and clinical issues. Alcohol Health & Research World, 15(2): 151-161. Full Text.

Peregoy JJ, Bartosz KL, Hendricks B (2005?). Society Identity, and Meaning: Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention/Interventions for Mental Health Professionals Working With Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Clientele. PDF Download.

Plumb MJ, Rankow EJ, Young RM (1998). Drug Use and Increased Risk of HIV Among Lesbians and Other Women Who Have Sex With Women. In: Wetherington CL, Roman AB (1998). Drug Addiction Research and the Health of Women: 517-528. National Institute on Drug Abuse. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. PDF Download. Download Page.

Queers for Economic Justice (2006). The Rockefeller Drug Laws are a Queer Issue: A Position Statement by Queers for Economic Justice. PDF Download.

Rachman F, McGirr K (2001). Quality Improvement and LGBT Clients, Chapter 16. In:  SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 138-146. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download..

Rawson RA, Anglin MD, Ling W (2002).Will the Methamphetamine Problem Go Away? Journal of Addictive Diseases, Vol. 21(1): 5-19. PDF Download.  PDF Download.

Reback CJ (1997). The social construction of a gay drug: Methamphetamine use among gay and bisexual males in Los Angeles. PDF Download.

Remafedi G, Farrow JA, Deisher RW (1991).  Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide in Gay and Bisexual Youth. Pediatrics, 87: 869-875. Full Text.

Rosario M, Schrimshaw EW, Hunter J (2009). Disclosure of sexual orientation and subsequent substance use and abuse among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: critical role of disclosure reactions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23(1): 175-84. PDF Download.

Ruan Y, Luo F, Jia Y, Li X, Li Q, Liang H, Zhang X, Li D, Shi W, Freeman JM, Vermund SH, Shao Y (2009). Risk factors for syphilis and prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C among men who have sex with men in Beijing, China: implications for HIV prevention. AIDS and Behavior, 13(4): 663-70. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Ryan C, Hunter J (2001). Clinical Issues With Youth, Chapter 11. In:  SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals: 99-103. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download.. PDF Download.

Salomon EA, Mimiaga MJ, Husnik MJ, Welles SL, Manseau MW, Montenegro AB, Safren SA, Koblin BA, Chesney MA, Mayer KH (2009). Depressive symptoms, utilization of mental health care, substance use and sexual risk among young men who have sex with men in EXPLORE: implications for age-specific interventions. AIDS and Behavior, 13(4): 811-821.  PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Saltman D, Newman C, Mao L, Kippax S, Kidd M (2008). Experiences in managing problematic crystal methamphetamine use and associated depression in gay men and HIV positive men: in-depth interviews with general practitioners in Sydney, Australia. BMC Family Practice, 9(1). PDF Download. xx

SAMHSA (2001). A Provider’s Introduction to Substance Abuse Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  PDF Download..PDF Download.

Sarma K (2007). Drug Use Amongst Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Young Adults in Ireland. Dublin: BeLonG To. PDF Download.

Seattle Commission for Sexual Minorities (2006). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Questioning (LGBTQ) Youth in Seattle: Report and Policy Recommendations. Submitted to Mayor Greg Nickels, City of Seattle. PDF Download..

Shankle MD, Beatty RL(2002). Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) and Transgender (LGBT) Substance Abuse Issues: Are Substance Abuse Issues: Are They at Higher Risk for They at Higher Risk for Substance Substance Abuse. University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. PowerPoint Presentation: PDF Download.

Shernoff M (1995). Counseling Chemically Dependent People With HIV Illness. Published in The Second Decade of AIDS: A Mental Health Practice Handbook edited by Walt Odets & Michael Shernoff, New York: Hatherleigh Press, 1995. Full Text.

Shernoff M, and Springer E (1992). Substance abuse and AIDS: report from the front Lines (the impact on professionals). Published in Lesbians and Gay Men: Chemical Dependency Treatment Issues, Ed. D. Weinstein. Harrington Park Press, 1992. Full Text.

Shernoff M, and Finnegan D (1991). Family Treatment with Chemically Dependent Gay Men and Lesbians. The Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment, 4(1). Full text.

Shernoff M (1983). Nice boys and needles. New York Native, Issue 74, Oct. 10, 1983. Full Text.

Shoptaw, Steven ey al. (2005). Getting Off: a behavioral treatment intervention for gay and bisexual male methamphetamine users. Friends Research Institute, Inc. PDF Download.

Shoptaw S, Weiss RE, Munjas B, Hucks-Ortiz C, Young SD, Larkins S, Victorianne GD, Gorbach PM (2009). Homonegativity, substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and HIV status in poor and ethnic men who have sex with men in Los Angeles. Journal of Urban Health, 86 Suppl 1: 77-92. PDF Download.

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