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A GLBTQ EDUCATION INTERNET RESOURCES GLBT / Queer History

Index: GLBT  History -  - HIV-AIDS -  - Male  Youth Prostitution -  - Homosexuality:  Biological  or  Learned ? -  -  Public School Issues -  - Transgender / Tranvestite / Transsexual -  - Lesbian  &  Bisexual Women -  - Homo-Negativity / Phobia -  - Identity Formation  &  Coming Out -  - Counseling  &  Therapy -  - Professional Education  -  - Bisexuality -  - Religion   &  Spirituality -  - Gay & Bisexual Male Suicide Problems -  - Drug / Alcohol Use / Abuse / Addiction  -  - Community Attributes  &  Problems -  -  Couples / Families / Children / Adoption / Spousal Violence -  - The Elderly -  - Race/Ethnic Minority Issues: U.S., Canada, Europe,  New Zealand & Australia -  -  Latin America / Africa -  - Middle East / Asia

GLBT  /  QUEER  HISTORY

Hidden History (2009, A True To Life Films Production): Few people realize that the history of the world is filled with same-gender-loving spirituality. Ancient civilizations, tribes and sects revered homosexuals as spiritual guardians. Then, as religion became more organized, millions of these shamans, priests and priestesses were exiled, brutalized and even killed by the church. Just for being same-gender-loving. This is one of the great, ignored stories of human history. A story that is ready to be told. “HIDDEN HISTORY” will be a 90-minute documentary film that will tell this remarkable story, by exposing one of the great lies of human history—promoted by the churches for centuries: that those who do not identify as heterosexual are not worthy of spirituality. This perception of “unworthiness” has persisted for hundreds of years, even to this day, causing internalized homophobia, self-loathing, high rates of suicide, and heavy drug use in the lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgender-intersex-queer (LGBTIQ) community. By using powerful interviews with noted scholars, historians, and Indigenous spiritual leaders, as well as uncovering archival images and shooting location footage--where these Indigenous people and their leaders live, “HIDDEN HISTORY” will chronicle the early sacred roles of these enlightened beings, through the demonizing by various religions as they struggled with hatred and prejudice, and, ultimately, to the awakening and reclamation of their ancient spiritual heritage...

Early Church Responses to Lesbian Sex. - A History of Lesbian Unions. - Herstory of the Dyke March. - Historical Lesbian Couples. - From Passionate Friendship to Gay Liberation: 1891 to 1974. - History of same-sex unions (Wikipedia).

A brief history of the WCGLJO The first gay and lesbian Jewish organizations in the world. - History of Gay Israel: Queer in the Land of Sodom.

Nations grapple with the gay lives of their greatest muses; In Germany : Goethe, in U.S.A. : - Whitman, in Britain: Wilde. German Intellectuals Furious, Americans Nervous, Britain Alone is Prideful. 

Timetable of Lesbian and Gay History (2007). - Lesbian and Gay Movement History (2007). - Timetable of Lesbian and Gay History (Word Download). - Stonewall UK History Timeline: History of lesbian, gay and bisexual equality. - Timeline of LGBT [World] history (Wikipedia). LGBT History Month Timelines. 

Gay and Lesbian Archives for South Africa (Archives to 2007). - Jewish GLBT Archive. - Les Archives Gaies du Québec: Bibliographie de l'homosexualité au Québec avant 1990. - Lesbian Herstory Archives. - GLBT Pride Symbols & History. - A Brief History of Homosexuality in America (1996, PDF Download) (Alternate Link). - The Gay History of Planet Earth (2001). - Lesbian and Gay Historical Society of San Diego (Archives): Lambda Archives of San Diego. - International Museum of Gay & Lesbian History. - Why support lesbian and gay archives? N/A. - Where our history lives: from New York to Minneapolis, Chicago to San Francisco, gays and lesbians are building archives that will preserve queer history for future generations (2005).

Gay/Lesbian Historical Documents, Research and Sources (To 2011).-  The ONE Institute's  International Gay & Lesbian Archives. - James C. Hormel Gay and Lesbian Center. - GLBT Historical Society Of Northern California & International LGBT Museum Project. - UWM's Golda Meir Library "The Academic Study of the History of Homosexuality" Exhibit. - A Brief History of Homosexuality (PDF Download).- Gay and Lesbian History at the National Archives (UK): An Introduction. - A Brief history of homosexuality in Australia. - Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives: The biggest repository of historical materials about homosexuals and homosexuality in Australia.

Out On The Screen: Queer History Project. - A Brief History of Queer Cinema (2007). - Celluloid Cupboard: A History of Gay and Lesbian Cinema. - The Hidden History of Homosexual Australia (2005).- The Ultimate "Planet Out" Guide to Queer Movies (Subject: History/Herstory). -  The Ultimate "Planet Out" Guide to Queer Movies (Subject: Biographies).

Homosexuality in Film. - From the "Russian Gay Culture" site: Gay-themed Films in Russia & Russian Gay History. - Hollywood Homosexuals: Annamarie Jagose interviews Brett Farmer about His New Book, Spectacular Passions: Cinema, Fantasy, Gay Male Spectatorships. - Hollywood Lesbians: Annamarie Jagose interviews Patricia White about Her Latest Book, Uninvited: Classical Hollywood Cinema and Lesbian Representability. 

Transgender: - Trans History Timeline. - A Brief History of Transsexuality (2003). - Transhistory (To 2001). - TransHistory: A Colourful Past and Present. - TransHistory... Timeline of Significant Events (Word Download).

Born Eunuchs: The purpose of this page is to make readily available literature excerpts and articles from all periods of Western history pertaining to homosexuality and eunuchs, that is otherwise not easy to access, and to allow the reader to get a sense of how cultural views of homosexuality have changed over time.

The Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History: an affiliated society of the American Historical Association. The Committee on Lesbian and Gay History was founded in 1979 to promote the study of homosexuality in the past and present by facilitating communication among scholars in a variety of disciplines working on a variety of cultures. The name of the committee was changed to Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History in January 2009. - The CLGBTH Newsletter. Dissertations and Theses (From 1972 to "In Progress"). - List of Dissertations and Theses on Lesbian History written between 1968 and 1995 N/A. - LGBTQ History Dissertations: 1978-2002. - Queer Fictions of the Past - History, Culture and Difference: Opportunities and Dangers in American Postmodernist Historiography (1997 / 2000).

LGBT history (Wikipedia). - GLBT Historical Society: Often referred to as San Francisco's "queer Smithsonian," the GLBT Historical Society houses one of the world's largest collections of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender historical materials. The society's GLBT History Museum is the first full-scale, stand-alone museum of its kind in the United States. - Websites on Gay and Lesbian History (1998).

Gay History, Gay Art, Homosexual Mythology and Literature - World History of Male Love. - GayHistory.com & GLBTQ.com - Gay History, Gay Art, Homosexual Mythology and Literature - World History of Male Love. - The World History of Male Love. - The Pop-Up Museum of Queer History. - Anti-Gay & Ex-Gay History: Throughout history there have been waves of negative reaction to GLBT individuals and our sexual practices. In spite of the persecution, GLBT people all over the world make their distinctive mark on every society they inhabit. Many books and web sites explore this history. See Links. The purpose of this page is to mention moments in history when the homophobic establishment targeted GLBT people. They sought to change our behavior and sexuality. They criminalized our lovemaking, and in some times and places, they strove to exterminate us completely.

People with a History An Online Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans* History:

The Internet History Sourcebook - Index of 3 Major Sourcebooks and Many Secondary Sourcebooks: - Internet Ancient History Sourcebook. - Internet Medieval Sourcebook. - Internet Modern History Sourcebook.

• History & Theory.
• The Ancient Mediterranean: - The Ancient Near East and Egypt.  - Ancient Greece.  - Ancient Rome.
• Medieval Worlds: - Early Christianity. - Byzantium. - Latin Christian Middle Ages.  - Islam. - Ancient and Medieval Jews.
• Europe to World War I: - Early Modern Europe. - Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Europe.
• Europe Since World War I: - The German Gay Rights Movement. - The Nazis and the Gays. - Post-WW I Europe to 1990. - The Lesbian and Gay Movement in Europe. - Europe: Current Politics and Strategies.
• North America: - Native American Societies. - The United States and Canada to 1900. - Before Stonewall. - Stonewall and All That. - Stonewall to Today.  AIDS and History. - ACT UP. - The Queer Moment. -  Current Politics and Strategies. - Anti-Gay: Gay Criticism of Gay Culture.
• Africa, Asia, Latin America, Oceania: - China, Japan, and Korea.  - India. - The Lesbian and Gay Movement in Australia and New Zealand. -  Gay and Lesbian Politics in Latin America. - The Impact of LGBT Identity Politics Outside the West. - Cross Cultural Themes and Studies.
• Special Themes: - Same Sex Marriage. - Bisexuality. - Trans* History.  - Anti-Gay: Gay Criticism of Gay Culture
• Bibliographies: - Bibliographies.Lists. - Timelines.
• LGBT History Links

Essay Collections on Gay History and Literature by Rictor Norton: - The Homosexual Pastoral Tradition. - The Great Queens of History. - The Queer Canon. - Queer Culture.  - Bibliography of Works. - Queer History Links. - Mother Clap's Molly House: The Gay Subculture in England, 1700-1830. - Queen James and His Courtier. - Critical Censorship of Gay Literature.- The Life and Writings of John Addington Symonds (1840 - 1893). - Excerpts from Rictor Norton, "Enter Willie Hughes as Juliet: or, Shakespeare's Sonnets Revisited", The Queer Canon.

Mildenberger F (2007). Kraepelin and the ‘urnings’: male homosexuality in psychiatric discourse. History of Psychiatry, 18(3): 321–335. PDF Download. The discourse on male homosexuality – whether it deserved punishment or possible therapies for homosexuals – was significantly shaped by the physician Magnus Hirschfeld between 1900 and 1933. He fought passionately against §175 of the Penal Code (Reichsstrafgesetzbuch), which made homosexual acts between men punishable by law. Initially, Emil Kraepelin, the doyen of German psychiatry, and his students did not join in this discourse and only gradually developed their own ideas about homosexuality. The radicalization of German physicians in World War I led to a complete break between Hirschfeld and Kraepelinian psychiatry. But instead of developing his own theoretical model, Kraepelin adopted the arguments of his rival Alfred Hoche, who regarded homosexuality as a disease contracted through ‘seduction’. Consequently, Kraepelin contributed to what, like the Nazis, he called ‘popular sentiment’, but neither he nor his followers influenced research on the aetiology and spread of homosexuality, and Kraepelin left no legacy in this field.

Journal of the History of Sexuality. - Journal of the History of Sexuality (With "Search" and Abstracts or Excerpts): - History of Sexuality: Resources in the Special Collections Library at Duke University. - Canadian Committee on the History of Sexuality. - Committee on Lesbian and Gay History (CLGH), an affiliated society of the American Historical Association (To 2007. - To 2009). - Fachverband für Homosexualität und Geschichte  (Federation for Homosexuality and History): the parent federation for the various initiatives and projects doing research on and documenting same-sex history. It is the confederation of men and women interested in the history of same-sex love, eroticism and sexuality. - Famous Bisexuals in History. - Queers in History. 

Bibliographies: - Books (Abstracts): GLBT History - From Berlin to Paris to New York to San Francisco; from closets to liberation to assimilation. This is just a sample of our gay/lesbian history section... - Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual History Books. - Bibliography; GLBT History Books. - Bibliography (New York Public Library): GLB History. - Australian lesbian and gay histories: bibliography. - Science and Homoeroticism: 19th-Century Bibliography Project - Including new English translations of important texts. - Homosexuality in History: A Partially Annotated Bibliography. - Gay's the Word Bookshop: History. - Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals: Bibliography. - Publications on the history of same-sex love. - Literary Representation and the History of Homosexuality: Reading List. - Bibliography: Colonial America, The Age of Sodomitical Sin.

Bibliographies: - Homosexuality inEarly Modern Europe: General - Lesbianism - Britain - Eastern Europe - France - Germany - Italy - Low Countries - Scandinavia - Spain and Portugal - Switzerland - Colonies and "Others" - Cross-dressing - Hermaphroditism - Masturbation. - Links to Reviews of Books on Queer History. - Books: Homosexuality, Male, in literature. - Lucy Chesser’s Bibliography of Australian Lesbian History (PDF). - Bibliographie sélective sur l’homosexualité: Un choix de ressources autour du thème de l’homosexualité : documentaires et fictions à lire ou à voir... ainsi que des ressources en ligne.Actualisé en mai 2008 et juillet 2009. - Lucy Chesser’s Bibliography of Australian Lesbian History. - LGBT Resources in the Princeton University Library: History. - University of Chicago: Guide to Gay and Lesbian Resources: II History and Ethnology. - Bibliography: Histories of Homosexuality. - Amazon: Gay History Books. - Links to Reviews of Books on Queer History. - A Gay Lesbian Bisexual Transgender (GLBT)  Arts Bibliography (2011).

Queer Histories Books: General History -  Bisexual History - Gay History - Lesbian History - Transgender History - History of Drag - History of Film - History of Women - Political History - Cultural History.

Books: - Before the Closet: Same-Sex Love from "Beowulf" to "Angels in America" - 1998 - by Allen J Frantzen (Abstract & Table of Contents) (Amazon) (Google Books). - Hello Sailor!: The Hidden History of Gay Life at Sea - 2003 - by Jo Stanley, Paul Baker (Review) (Google Books) (Hello Sailor! Museum Exhibit) (Hello Sailor! Canadian Edition: Oral History Project). - No Straight Lines: Four Decades of Queer Comics - 2012 - by Justin Hall (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Author Interview, YouTube). - Who's a Pretty Boy Then? : One Hundred & Fifty Years of Gay Life in Pictures - 1997 - by James Gardiner (Google Books). - Between the Acts: Lives of Homosexual Men, 1883-1967 - 1991 - edited by Kevin Poter & Jeffery Weeks. 

Books: - Still Acting Gay: Male Homosexuality in Modern Drama  - 2000 - by John M. Clum (Google Books) (Review). - Drag: A History of Female Impersonation in the Performing Arts - 1994 - by Roger Baker, Peter Burton, and Richard Smith (Abstract & Contents) (Google Books). - A Queer History of Ballet - 2007 - by Peter Stoneley (Google Books) (Review) (Free ebook). - Queer Sites: Gay Urban Histories Since 1600 - 1999 - edited by David Higgs (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Another Country: Queer Anti-Urbanism - 2010 - by Scott Herring (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Secret Sexualities: A Sourcebook of 17th and 18th Century Writing - 1997 - edited by Ian McCormick (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Becoming Visible: A Reader in Gay and Lesbian History for High School and College Students - 1994 - edited by Kevin Jennings (Google Books) (Review). - Queer Masculinities, 1550-1800: Siting Same-Sex Desire in the Early Modern World - 2006 - edited by Katherine O'Donnell, Michael O'Rourke.

Human Rights Watch (2008). This Alien Legacy: The Origins of “Sodomy” Laws in British Colonialism. New York, New York: Human Rights Watch. PDF Download. PDF Download. This 66-page report describes how laws in over three dozen countries, from India to Uganda and from Nigeria to Papua New Guinea, derive from a single law on homosexual conduct that British colonial rulers imposed on India in 1860.

Bérubé A (2003). The history of gay bathhouses. Journal of Homosexuality, 44(3-4): 33-53. Abstract. PDF Download.The transformation of Turkish baths, Russian baths, public baths, health resorts and spas into gay institutions began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States. - The History of Gay Bathhouses, Surrounding Controversy and Famous Patrons, Including Justin Fashanu, Harvey Milk and Michel Foucault - 2011 - by Caroline Brantley.

Arrivo, Nicholas Martin (2005). Selling Sexuality: A Critical Genealogy of Homosexuality and Capital.

Kangasvuo J, Karkulehto S (2006): Preface: Querying Queer. SQS [Suomen Queer-tutkimuksen Seuran Lehti - Tidskrift för Queerforskning i Finland - Journal of Queer Studies in Finland], 1: 1-6. PDF Download. Download Page. The Journal of Queer Studies in Finland is trilingual: it publishes articles, commentaries and reviews written in Finnish, Swedish and English. Finland, being a bilingual country, has a long history of coexistence of two official languages, Finnish and Swedish... Being an academic journal published in Northern Europe, in a small country whose official language is not Indo- European, the Journal of Queer Studies in Finland claims that studying peripheries and spatial and temporal marginalities can be read as a queer project in itself. While Anglo-American queer theories have focused mostly on Anglophone countries and urban centers, the Journal of Queer Studies in Finland aims to provide a broader perspective for Queer Studies. Texts about local and peripheral situations, relationships, experiences and people that can be labeled ‘queer’ reveal and confirm the unconformity of queerness – the very effectiveness of the concept. The study of centers gains depth when the centers are critically compared and negotiated with peripheries and margins. Therefore SQS is by no means restricted in its area - whether that area is geographical or mental. While the Journal of Queer Studies in Finland reminds US about the instability of existing normativities, it still yields to certain academic norms that ensure the validity and reliability of research. Hence the Journal of Queer Studies in Finland is a peer-reviewed academic journal.

Juvonen, Tuula (2006). Introduction: Queering the Hegemonies of LGBT Historiography. SQS [Suomen Queer-tutkimuksen Seuran Lehti - Tidskrift för Queerforskning i Finland - Journal of Queer Studies in Finland], 1: 7-16. PDF Download. Download Page. Recent works written about the history of European homosexualities of the twentieth century have undoubtedly been influenced by U.S. theorizing. However, at the same time they have self-consciously sought their own particular agendas. The articles in this special issue of SQS, Queering Hegemonies in LGBT Historiography, make it possible to problematise our received ideas of LGBT communities by taking a closer look at the ways that samesex desires have been negotiated in some lesser-known European countries. Together these articles can be read as a further step in the existing queer critique of the biases inevitably inherent in local history studies. As we have seen, metropolitan subcultures have been, and continue to be, a breeding ground for diverse, visible LGBT communities. Yet the cultural formations evident in these communities cannot be taken as a universal point of departure for queer theorizing. In particularly the sparsely populated Nordic countries and other “peripheries” provide radically different conditions for any subcultural life (Löfström 1998b, 7). Hence the following texts will show in detail the workings of heteronormativity but also demonstrate the innovative strategies used by homosexually inclined women and men in such settings. The incentive for putting together this issue was the conviction that context matters, both that of a researcher and her research object. Therefore the empirical cases presented here are firmly located in particular places, when the pre-structured systems of thought, spatial conditions and social (im)possibilities of same-sex identifications, sexual identities, and communities are discussed. Taken together the texts also allow the reader to acknowledge the difference that cultural, religious, linguistic or national contexts make for the construction of concepts, practices and communities around same-sex sexuality (here the main focus is roughly 1930s to 1970s) – an aspect that often gets overlooked in works which relate to one country only, even when the racial and ethnic differences within that country are accounted for.

Sex and Social Order: The Transformation of Intimacy by Anthony Giddens (2006): Each of these authors reinforce Giddens' theory that men and women have a long way to go towards developing total sexual emancipation, and towards creating a world in which intimacy is the ultimate basis for relationships and hence society itself. These stories prove that sexuality is indeed a social construct that is indistinguishably connected to power and hierarchy. Modern social institutions continue to sustain traditional values of sexuality, both feminine and masculine. Yet the evolution of the aforementioned characters provides hope that radical changes in society can one day be achieved. Although it occurred slowly, the shift of female identification from Perley to Lorelai offers immense encouragement. As Giddens writes, "The possibility of intimacy means the promise of democracy… The structural source of this promise is the emergence of the pure relationship, not only in the area of sexuality but also in those of parent-child relations, and other forms of kinship and friendship. We can envisage the development of an ethical framework for a democratic personal order, which in sexual relationships and other personal domains conforms to a model of confluent love"(188). Many social, psychological and economic barriers still stand in the way of this ideal future, but as society develops it becomes more and more clear that intimacy can one day be reconstructed into its most pure form, a form which includes all people regardless of sex, class or race.  

UNT Libraries to host gay history archives in deal with Resource Center Dallas (2012): The past 60 years of LGBT history in North Texas will have a new home, at UNT. Under an agreement with the Resource Center Dallas, materials chronicling the gay social movements in Dallas-Fort Worth will be housed at University of North Texas Libraries.

Regards sur l'amour entres hommes (Translation): 9 chapitres: De la Grèce et la Rome antiques au PACS, 2500 ans d'histoire de l'Occident revisitée, en passant par le Moyen-Âge chrétien, la Renaissance, la Réforme, le Siècle des Lumières, les précurseurs de la libération homosexuelle, les pre-mières théories médicales, le monde des arts, des procès et des scandales de mœurs, l'âge d'or de Weimar, la barbarie nazie et les émeutes de Stonewall. - Chronologie sommaire de l'Histoire de l'amour entre hommes: De la Grèce antique à l'an 2000 (Translation). - Plus de 150 gays, lesbiennes et bisexuel-le-s célèbres (Translation).

Books: - Lovers' Legends: The Gay Greek Myths - 2002 - by Andrew Calimach (Read a story, Contents, About the Author) (Amazon) (Google Books) (Wikipedia) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review). - Lesbian Desire in the Lyrics of Sappho - 1997 - by Jane McIntosh Snyder (Google Books) (Review). - Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World - 1990 - edited by David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, Froma I. Zeitlin (Google Books) (Review). -  Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece - 1998 - by William Armstrong Percy, III (Google Books) (Contents / Outline) (Review). - The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece - 2007 - by Davidson James (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review). - One hundred years of homosexuality: and other essays on Greek love - 1989 - by David Halperin (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Bisexuality in the Ancient World - 1992, 1996 - by Cantarella by Eva Cantarella, Cormac Ocuilleanain (Translator) (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review).
- Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity.- 1999 - by Craig A. Williams (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Documents - 2003 - edited by Thomas K. Hubbard (Google Books) (Chapters 1 & 2). - Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art, 100 B.C. - A.D. 250 - 1998 - by John R. Clarke (Google Books). - Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West - 2006 - edited by Beert C. Verstraete,  Vernon Provencal (Google Books) (Contents /Abstracts) (Review).

Homosexuality in medieval Europe (Wikipedia).

Queer Middle Ages, November 5-7, 1998: The Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies (CLAGS), the Society for the Study of Homosexuality in the Middle Ages (SSHMA),and the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship are pleased to announce Queer Middle Ages, November 57, 1998,The Graduate Center, City University of New York, (CUNY). CoSponsor: New York University. This conference is dedicated to "queering" the Middle Ages: to the pursuit of methodologies of interpretation and documentation of the same-sex choices of women and men who resisted heteronormativity in their sexual and affective bonds during the period we have come to call the "Middle Ages." We seek to expand knowledge of resistance to compulsory heterosexuality in a wide range of the globe's cultural areas, such as the Arab and Islamic worlds, China, and the pre-colonial Americas. We understand "Middle Ages" to be a flexible, not prescriptive term, which can begin, depending on the area under consideration, as early as the 4th century CE and end as late as the end of the 16th century.

Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice - 1999 - by Merry Wiesner-Hanks (Google Books). From the Introduction: This study draws on research and analysis from many fields of history, fields that sometimes overlap or interact synergystically, yet that at other times are hostile to one another. Prime among these is the history of sexuality, which, until recently, was viewed as a questionable or at best marginal area of scholarly inquiry. Vern Bullough, one of the first investigators of medieval sexuality, reports that throughout the 1960s— that decade of the “Sexual Revolution” - his research on such topics as homosexuality, prostitution, and transvestism was rejected by historical journals as unsuitable, while books which avoided any discussion of sex, such as Edith Hamilton’s The Greek Way, were best-sellers. This attitude began to change in the 1970s for a number of reasons. 

Halsall, Paul (1988). The Experience of Homosexuality in the Middle Ages.

Raninen, Sami (2008). Queer Vikings? Transgression of gender and same-sex encounters in the Late Iron Age and early medieval Scandinavia. SQS [Suomen Queer-tutkimuksen Seuran Lehti - Tidskrift för Queerforskning i Finland - Journal of Queer Studies in Finland], 2: 20-29. Download Page. PDF Download. My intent is to give a brief presentation of the recent research regarding the role of gender-transgressing or gender-mixing practices, often of an openly sexual quality, in the Viking period Scandinavian society and religion. This presentation is not based on any first-hand research, and is intended essentially as an information piece. My ambition is limited to presenting this interesting field of queer history for a new readership, and guiding the intrigued readers to the rich research literature of this topic

Dinshaw, Carolyn (1992). The Heterosexual Subject of Chaucerian Narrative. Medieval Feminist Newsletter, 13(1): 8-10.

..... "Roundtable: Queer Methodologies and/or Queers in Medieval Studies: Where Are We Now?" Aroundtable discussion with this title took place at the International Congress of the European Middle Ages, University ofLeeds, UK, in July 2002... Reflections by O'Rourke (introductory), Gi//ney, Weston, Morris, and a response from Sarah Salih (University ofEast Anglia) are included here... According to some commentators we are now embarking upon the second wave of queer studies (it's now even possible to talk about old school queer theory) I and it seems a timely and important opportunity (two years after the publication of Burger and Kruger's Queering the Middle Ages to interrogate the meeting-placers) between queer theory and Medieval Studies. The two have not always been happy bedfellows. The synthesizing of two radically opposed disciplines, one marked by (seemingly) staunch traditionalism, the other by anti-normativizing discourses, is bound to be ungainly. Yet the coming together of queer studies and Medieval Studies has often been as productive as it has been hostile...

Kruger, Steven F (1993). Racial/Religious and Sexual Queerness in the Middle Ages. Medieval Feminist Forum, 16(1): 32-36. Download Page. PDF Download. What was at stake in defining both the sexually queer "sodomite" and the religiously and racially queer Jew as effeminate, possessing debased bodies threatening to others, and as debasing the meaning of texts through misreadings and distortions? Given Christianity's traditional self-identification with the persecuted (embodied most strikingly in the crucified Christ), the position of the Church in the late Middle Ages-its situation as an enonnously powerful institution-presented it with real problems of self-definition. How to maintain power while still claiming an identification with Christ the victim'! One way was to consolidate the "enemies" of the Church-Jews and "sodomites," "heretics" and "Saracens" -as one immense bodily and intellectual threat. Such a massive threat on the one hand helped justify the Church's position as world power; at the same time, it recast the Church in the traditional role of "imitator Christi," beset by enemies intent on its destruction. Even as it intensified its persecution of Jews, gay men, lepers and others, late-medieval European society, and particularly the Church, could thus deny its own power and claim the moral high-ground of the persecuted.

Boyd, David Lorenzo (1993). On Lesbian and Gay/Queer Medieval Studies. Medieval Feminist Forum, 15(1): 12-15. Introduction. PDF Download.  A graduate student sitting next to me at an MLA panel on “Lesbian and Gay/Feminist Approaches to Middle English Texts” turned to me happily and said: ”Thank God, at last it’s the year of the queer for medieval studies!” As I thought about his comment, I realized that he was right. Conference papers, scholarly articles, heated e-mail discussions, classroom syllabi, a newly formed scholarly society, books in progress, have been heavily informed by Lesbian and Gay/Queer approaches to texts and culture. MFN’s participation in this exciting new cultural project not only marks the relationship and profound indebtedness of such approaches to a vibrant feminist scholarship but also indicates some of the directions in which Lesbian and Gay/Queer Medieval Studies is heading. While I agree wholeheartedly with the content of most of the MFN essays, I also think there are other issues, not raised sufficiently or explicitly enough in the comments, which must be considered carefully as we begin to shape this field. The remarks that follow should not be considered a critique but rather an addendum to and expansion of those points first enumerated in MFN’s Spring 1992 issue.

Boone, Marc (1996). State power and illicit sexuality: the persecution of sodomy in late medieval Bruges. Journal of Medieval History, 22(2): 135–153. Abstract.  PDF Download. With ninety executions of sodomites and a proportion of about 15% of all executions and bodily punishments relating to this offence, Burgundian Bruges (1385–1515) ranks among Europe's most important centres for the repression of sodomy, a mostly hidden aspect of its rich social history. If these figures allow a comparison of the northern commercial metropolis of the late middle ages with some better known Italian cities, such as Venice and Florence, the actions of the authorities charged with the organization of the repression give an insight into the ideological apparatus behind this repression. Bruges occupied a most important position both as an economic centre and as one of the big Flemish cities opposed to princely centralization. It therefore served on several occasions as the ideal setting for the manifestations of the Burgundian theatre-state. The exceptional repression against the illicit form of sexual behaviour par excellence may be linked with the need to control the city and impose state authority.

Ashurst D (2002). The transformation of homosexual Liebestod in sagas translated from Latin. Saga-Book., 26: 67-96. PDF Download. The focus of this article will be on a series of texts in which one warrior dies clasping the body of a fallen comrade; but before concentrating on that theme I must explain the term liebestod, ëlove- deathí, and its currency in relation to the Tristan legend. Lovers of classical music will recognise the term as the name usually given to an extraordinary passage, at once orgasmic and transcendental, which concludes Wagnerís opera Tristan und Isolde. This opera, for which Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music as was his custom, and which he finished in 1859, was one of the most influential art-works of the nineteenth century. Wagner himself, oddly enough, originally used the term liebestod to designate the Prelude of the opera; and he habitually referred to the closing scene as Isoldes Verklarung, ëIsoldeís Transfigurationí, emphasising its erotic mysticism rather than its pathos (Wagner 1987, 489 and 548ñ59). It was Liszt who borrowed the term liebestod for the title of his 1867 piano transcription of Isoldes Verklarung; but it is Lisztís title, not Wagnerís, which has stuck to the final scene of the opera itself, and so has passed into common usage. The context and content of the scene are that Isolde has rushed to be by the side of her wounded lover, Tristan, but she arrives too late to share with him more than a fleeting word before he dies. Filled with love and sorrow, Isolde enters a state of ecstasy in which she feels herself to be at one with Tristan; then she sinks down onto Tristan’s body, and is dead... The detailed treatment of the liebestod topos in these works, which may be called ‘the Tristan pattern’, would make an interesting study in itself. There is, however, another group of liebestod texts, less well known today but quite well represented in Old Norse–Icelandic literature, which embody what may be termed ‘the homosexual pattern’ in respect of its origin, but which I shall call ‘the all-male pattern’ in view of how it is handled in the sagas. It is this other group, stemming from a root more ancient, more venerable and even better known than the Tristan legend, to which I shall now turn...

List of articles that are available online about same-sex relations in the Middle Ages.

Premiers Salons Littéraires Européens de l'Homosexualité (Translation).

Savvidis, Dimitris (2011). Male prostitution and the homoerotic sex-market in Early Modern England. PhD Dissertation, English Studies, University of Sussex. PDF Download. Download Page. This thesis explores male prostitution in early modern culture and calls for a reconsideration of linguistic representations of sodomy and homoeroticism in literary and historical criticism. It argues that as a variant expression of homoeroticism, its examination unfolds significant ideological and cultural implications for established perceptions of male relations. As instructed by classical textuality and misogynistic stigmatization of prostitution, the boy prostitute becomes a relational category that eludes easy classification, emerging syntactically alongside the female whore in English culture. Adopting a social constructionist approach, this dissertation traces male prostitution’s ambivalent representational properties in various genres and discourses, namely poetry, plays, historical narratives, theatre historiography, defamation accounts, philosophical diatribes and lexicography. The diverse vocabulary employed to describe homoerotic relations and identities is closely scrutinised in order to expose the metaphoricity and ambiguity embedded in such terms as ‘Ganymede’, ‘ingle’, ‘mignon’ and ‘catamite’. An analysis of the terminology demonstrates the ways in which discursive systems of language, within specific historical and cultural contexts, have facilitated the concomitant textual emergence of the sodomite with the male prostitute. The Introduction establishes the theoretical framework through which male prostitution from the medieval period until the mid-twentieth century has been discussed in twentieth-century criticism. Chapter One assesses its textual appearance in early modern Italy, France and Spain, while it sets the parameters for its examination in seventeenth-century England. Chapter Two analyses the representation of the male prostitute in Donne’s, Marston’s and Middleton’s satires and Chapter Three examines the theatrical institution and the ways in which theatre historiography misdirects discussions on sodomy and prostitution. The penultimate chapter focuses on textual constructions of the male prostitute in educational contexts and the final chapter addresses possible interrelations between prostitution, servitude, favouritism and friendship as represented within lexicography, slanderous discourse and historical narratives on King James and Francis Bacon.
 

(Google Books) (Review).


United Kingdom & Ireland

The National Archives (UK): Gay and lesbian history... Why use this guide?... This is a guide which will help you find records relating to gay and lesbian history. It offers an introduction to the historical and institutional contexts in which documentary evidence of gay and lesbian experiences, and official responses and attitudes to those experiences, have entered specific areas of collections at The National Archives. Researching gay and lesbian history is a time consuming and difficult task, presenting considerable problems for anyone working in the field. This guide offers a series of suggestions for potentially productive series of documents. Compared to other historical fields, gay and lesbian history is still in its infancy. We would welcome feedback from researchers on their experiences working in this area. - British Queer History Conference (2010, Montreal, Presentation Titles).- The Mysterious East: East London has generally kept its gay history secret…until now! (2006).

Rooney, Richard (2000). Male homosexuality in Britain: The hidden history. Paper presented at the Association for Journalism Education Conference. PDF Download.  This paper investigates the coverage of male homosexuality by the British press. It concentrates on three periods of significance to homosexuals: the Wolfenden Committee on prostitution and homosexuality of 1954-7, the Sexual Offences Act of 1967, and the separate emergence of gay civil rights and the Aids crisis in the 1970s and 1980s. A survey of the press across six decades concludes that all newspapers had the tendency to ig-nore homosexuals. Such coverage as there was iden-tifies homosexuals as either inverts or perverts. This not only taught non-homosexuals to view homosexuals as a social menace, but also had the potential toteach homosexuals themselves of their own worth-lessness.   The paper demonstrates that newspapers assume that everyone is heterosexual and this is the only natural, normal, decent way to be. Throughout the six decades there is an almost total lack of recognition of the gay viewpoint and experience. Newspapers discourage homosexuality as a political movement and frame all discussion in terms of morality rather than politics.

Walshe, Eibhear (2006). Invisible Irelands: Kate O’Brien’s Lesbian and Gay Social Formations in London and Ireland in the Twentieth Century.  SQS [Suomen Queer-tutkimuksen Seuran Lehti - Tidskrift för Queerforskning i Finland - Journal of Queer Studies in Finland], 1: 39-48. PDF Download. Paradoxically Ireland, the country of his birth, is almost a blank space when it comes to any identifiable social history of twentieth-century lesbian and gay culture. Recently some valuable sources for Irish lesbian and gay history have emerged, for example a collection of essays of Irish lesbian and gay voices called Lesbian and Gay Visions of Ireland: Towards the Twenty-First Century edited by Ide O’Carroll and Eoin Collins. Also of great value is a study by Irish political activist, Kieran Rose called Diverse Communities. The Evolution of lesbian and Gay Politics in Ireland, published in 1994. Otherwise there is a great deal of social history unwritten on this aspect of modern Ireland and recent scholarship is attempting to locate submerged lesbian and gay cultures. A few noted queer figures stand out from this invisible history of Ireland, the rebel Irish patriot Roger Casement (1864–1916) the poet Eva-Gore Booth (1870–1926), the lesbian novelist Kate O’Brien (1897–1974) and the theatre directors Michael MacLiammoir (1899–1978) and Hilton Edwards (1903-1982) and my essay collection Sex, Nation and Dissent, published in 1997, deals with many of these figures. Otherwise lesbian and gay communities and cultures in Ireland in the twentieth-century are simply recorded in police records, prosecutions of men for same sex activities or medical records of institutional committals of men and women for the mental illness of inversion’.

Polari: A Gay Slang that Flourished out of Prejudice (2012): Here’s one way to say hello: “Bona to vada your dolly old eek.” That means ‘nice to see your pretty face’ in Polari, a slang with roots in the theater that for decades functioned as a kind of secret code within Britain’s gay community. Clayton Littlewood has written a number of books about London’s Soho neighborhood and in particular its gay community. He remembered, for instance, sitting in a coffee shop with an elderly gay man, watching the world go by... The slang remained popular in British theater into the twentieth century, used by straight and gay alike. But Polari became something more, a necessity for Britain’s gay community after the second world war. Homosexual acts were illegal in England until 1967 and the post-war period was particularly oppressive. “A lot of this was actually influenced by the Americans,” said Bryant. “They were telling Churchill that homosexuals were a security threat and that there needed to be a clamping down. And as this culture of clamping down happened so Polari flourished because it became dangerous to be openly gay.” Polari was a private language that gay men could use in public without fear. - Polari: The Lost Language of Gay Men. - Polari (Wikipedia). -  Related Books: Baker P (2002). Polari: The Lost Language of Gay Men. London: Routledge (Amazon. Google Books). Baker P (2002). Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang. London: Continuum (Amazon. Google Books).

Catamite Coolies and Chinese Sodoms: British Investigations into Chinese Labourers‚ Sexuality in the 19th & 20th Centuries (Ross Forman, School of Oriental and African Studies) (Abstract, Must Scroll: PDF Download. Full text): "A common accusation levelled against Chinese labourers brought to various British colonies at the end of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century was that they were undesirable because of their penchant for pederasty. From sites as geographically disparate as Guiana and Malaya and South Africa, there emerged a discourse about ‘catamite coolies’ that typed Chinese labourers as problematic and promoted their repatriation over more usual patterns of settlement at the end of their indentures. Often relying on testimony from missionaries or other interested parties and often focusing on the role played by cross-dressing troupes of Chinese actors (who were presumed to serve as male prostitutes), British officials carried out a number of investigations into ‘unnatural vice’ in mining compounds and plantation settings. These investigations yield important historical information about colonial understandings of Asian sexualities and patterns of sociability. This paper offers an overview of these inquiries, focusing especially on the 1906 investigation into Chinese labourers in the Transvaal, whose ramifications were so explosive that Winston Churchill actually uttered the word ‘sodomy’ in Parliament. The paper considers what the moral and political implications of Asian male-male sexuality in workers’ enclosures were; what developmental theories of homosexuality were invoked (for instance, the claim that working-class men from Northern China learned about sodomy by sleeping in close proximity to one another during the cold winters); and how the workers were and were not able to represent their subjectivities through interpreters within the legalistic environment in which these colonial investigations were conducted."

  According to the main bodies of Leftist thought and practice there is no relation between the politics of homosexuality and the revolution. In fact, prior to the liberation movement of the 1970s the development of a political homosexual identity was seen as the antithesis of the worldwide working class revolution. Even following the emergence of a visible and dynamic gay liberation movement, the political potential of sexuality was seen as a diversion from the class struggle. This has been replicated in the dominant Leftist histories of the period. There is some acknowledgement of the significance of the Women’s Liberation Movement in these histories, for example in the writing of Tariq Ali. However, the role of gay liberation, its theories and the way in which it informed a radical shift in political activism, is more or less wholly absent from these histories. For if identity, as Alan Sinfield describes it, is ‘fluid, unstable, elusive and self-parodying’, it constitutes the antithesis of objectively defined grand narratives of class. However, behind these silences there lies a highly integrated relationship between the shifts and restructuring of the Left and the development of a homosexual political identity. Gay Men as a political identity shared a development with, and directly intervened in, the perceived decline of the Left. The relationship between homosexual self-perception, organisation and the revolutionary Left became the dynamic behind what was to become identity politics. The development of a gay Left identity therefore illuminates the specificity of the interaction between the Left’s demise and the wider personalisation of politics. It is possible to interrogate the assumptions behind both gay and Leftist histories by bringing them into play together. In so doing, the relationship between the personal and the political can be understood as a process of ongoing reproduction.

Hilliard, David (1982). UnEnglish and Unmanly: Anglo-Catholicism and Homosexuality. Victorian Studies,Winter: 181-210. PDF Download. Despite the traditional teaching of the Christian Church that homosexual behaviour is always sinful, there are grounds for believing that Anglo-Catholic religion within the Church of England has offered emotional and aesthetic satisfactions that have been particularly attractive to members of a stigmatised sexual minority. This apparent connection between Anglo-Catholicism and the male homosexual subculture in the English-speaking world has often been remarked upon, but it has never been fully explored. In 1960, for example, in a pioneering study of male homosexuality in Britain, GordonWestwood stated: Some of the contacts maintained that the highest proportion of homosexuals who are regular churchgoers favoured the Anglo-Catholic churches. ... It was not possible to confirm that suggestion in this survey, but it is not difficult to understand that the services with impressive ceremony and large choirs are more likely to appeal to homosexuals.1 More recently, in the United States, several former priests of the Episcopal church have described some of the links between homosexual men and Catholic forms of religion, on the basis of their own knowledge of Anglo-Catholic parishes.2 This essay brings together some of the historical evidence of the ways in which a homosexual sensibility has expressed itself within Anglo-Catholicism. Because of the fragmentary and ambiguous nature of much of this evidence only a tentative outline can be suggested.

Elfenbein, Andrew (1998). Stricken Deer: Secrecy, Homophobia, and the Rise of the Suburban Man. Genders Jounal, 27. Full text. The emergence of a suburban role for men during the first half of the nineteenth century in Great Britain gave homophobia a new and potent role as part of middle-class masculinity. The century as a whole witnessed a marked increase in the systematic surveillance and persecution of men who had sex with other men. As Louis Crompton notes, "During the period 1805-1835, when the annual number of executions for all crimes dropped from about seventy to thirty, sodomy was the only crime for which the number of hangings remained more or less constant."1 By 1885, while sodomy was no longer a capital crime, the Labouchère amendment to the Criminal Law Amendment Act increased the courts' ability to punish sex between men by making acts of "gross indecency" illegal when they occurred not only in public, as had been the case previously, but also in private. This essay will describe how the rise of suburbia provided a background for this dramatic growth in institutionalized homophobia. Life in the suburbs had as a precondition the ability to distinguish sharply between the respectable character of the suburban man and the deviant character of the homosexual.

Muriqi, Luljeta  (2007). Homoerotic codes in The Picture of Dorian Gray.  A60 Literary Seminar Spring 2007 Department of English Lund University. PDF Download. Wilde could not write an openly homoerotic book so we have to read between the lines for things that can be read one way or the other and thus can divert a reader, mostly his critics, from viewing the book as homoerotic. The aim of this essay is examine some of the different codes used by Wilde to show a homoerotic theme in The Picture of Dorian Gray. By codes I mean indications – consciously or unconsciously inserted by the author – towards a homoerotic theme. The focus will be placed on major codes, such as aestheticism, Hellenism, secrecy and shame and effeminacy. The reason I chose to call them codes is that an attempt will be made to decipher the different themes as one does with codes.

de Vries, Swaeske(2011). (Un)Natural Love: Homosexuality in Late Medieval English Literature: Langland, Chaucer, Gower, and the Gawain Poet. Master's Dissertation, Faculteit der Letteren, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Introduction / Download Page. PDF Download. In the end it remains problematic to draw up a concrete conclusion on the matter of homosexuality in fourteenth-century English literature, as we have but a limited amount of text available to us. In other words, more texts on homosexuality may have existed, and perhaps these texts had stronger positive or negative views than the texts discussed here. Unfortunately there has been no further evidence to indicate this, and even if these texts existed they may have gone lost with the passing of centuries. But the texts that have survived may teach us something about what fourteenth-century Englishmen and English society in general had to say about homosexuality. By exploring the four authors I have come to the conclusion that the degree of openness about homosexuality in these texts was very dependent on the author. These four authors with their different backgrounds, if not socially then professionally, have all used different means through which they could hide homosexuality or, in the case of Langland, omit it altogether. As different as their writings, such are too their opinions.

Homosexuality and the Nazi Party.  - The Annotated Pink Swaztika Exposing the Lies.  - The "Homosexual Holocaust" - Another Gay Militant Myth?  - The DC Homosexual Holocaust Bibliography. - Nazi persecution of young gay in wartime Poland described. - The history of homosexuality in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust. - Event remembers gay Holocaust victims.  - Quand l'homosexualité était un crime (Translation). - Lesbians during the Third Reich. - Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust (Wikipedia).

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (Born August 28, 1825) 182 Years of Pride in 2007 - Introduces gay people young and old to the heritage that Ulrichs said is rightfully theirs. Let Gay people imbed it in their conscience that Gay rights have been so hard-won, beginning with one lone voice seemingly calling in the desert. Now, Gay people have a rich tradition of such voices, and it all began with Ulrichs. - Ulrichs' Urania Manuscripts.

Journal of the History of Sexuality, 17(1), 2008: Special Issue: Masculinity and Homosexuality in Germany and the German Colonies, 1880-1945: Introduction: The study of germany's gay history has come a long way since its meager beginnings in the 1970s. Drawing vitality from the gay and lesbian liberation movement that sprung to life in West Germany at the beginning of the 1970s, the study of gay history was driven forward by a relatively small cadre of devoted historians. Some of them were academically trained, but most were admirably self-taught. An important landmark came in 1985, when Manfred Baumgardt, Manfred Herzer, Andreas Sternweiler, and Wolfgang Theis opened the Schwules Museum in Berlin. Since then, as one visitor noted, "the museum has produced fabulous exhibitions and publications of the highest aesthetic and intellectual quality, without ever neglecting witty and erotic content." Over the years the museum has nurtured scholars interested in German gay history both by providing a central location for pursuing and sharing ideas and by compiling a large archive and library. Berlin, not surprisingly, has been the center for much of the work, but scholars elsewhere have made their own invaluable contributions: Wolfgang Voigt and Hans-Georg Stümke in Hamburg, Rüdiger Lautmann at the University of Bremen, Rainer Hoffschildt in Hannover, Burkhard Jellonnek in Saarbrücken, and Günter Grau at the University of Bremen, to name but a few. Scholars from outside of Germany have also made significant contributions: U.S. historians James Steakley, Geoffrey Giles, and John Fout, for example, as well as Harry Oosterhuis from the Netherlands... Paper Titles (Excerpts Given): Racializing Sex: Same-Sex Relations, German Colonial Authority, and Deutschtum. - Colonial Intimacy: The Rechenberg Scandal and Homosexuality in German East Africa. - Male Sexuality and Psychological Trauma: Soldiers and Sexual Disorder in World War I and Weimar Germany. - The Rites of Artgenossen: Contesting Homosexual Political Culture in Weimar Germany. - Queer Eyes and Wagnerian Guys: Homoeroticism in the Art of the Third Reich.

Franklin, Robert (2011). Warm Brothers in the Boomtowns of Hell: The Persecution of Homosexuals in Nazi Germany. Hohonu: a Journal of Academic Writing, 9. PDF Download.  ...from the late nineteenth century Germany had been one of the leaders in the homosexual rights movement, and homosexuals were an established, although still controversial part of German culture. However, during the Nazi regime the homosexual fight for equality and any gains that were made vanished and replaced with an attitude that was both brutal and dehumanizing to those accused of homosexual behavior. After World War II ended homosexuals experienced continued legal and social discrimination on a far greater scale than other victims of Nazi brutality. The newly formed German state exercised the Anti-homosexual sentiment that existed by drafting Paragraph 1751 in the German penal code of 1871. Paragraph 175 (or P175) effectively criminalized sodomy, stating that “A male who indulges in criminally indecent activities with another male… will be punished with jail.”2 The text does not mention women; in fact lesbianism was never criminalized in Germany.

Johnson MW (2002). Homosexuality: The Essence of Nazism (Part I). The Geopolitical Stategists, 28(3). PDF Download. Concepts to be considered??? The blatant homosexuality of the SA did not occur in a vacuum. German homosexual subculture throughout Hitler's rise to power "was probably unique and unparalleled in the ,world in terms of governmental liberalisn1 and opportunities for homosexual life.....,,70 By 1932 in Berlin there were 300 cafes and bars exclusively for homosexuals.7! Nor were German youth forgotten. By 1923, the "male-oriented and selfconsciously masculine" Bundische Youth displaced the Wandervoge1.72 [Wyneken's] "revolutionary pathos, hatred of bourgeois liberalism, and romantic utopianism [homosexuality] became fundamentals of Bundische ideology.,,73 - See also: Lively, Scott (1997). The Poisoned Stream: “Gay” Influence in Human History: Volume One: Germany 1890-1945. PDF Download.

Dennis, David Brandon (2005). Coming out into socialism: the emergence of a political Schwulsein in the German Democratic Republic. Master's Dissertation, Ohio State University.

Lybeck, Marti M (2008). Gender, Sexuality, and Belonging: Female Homosexuality In Germany, 1890-1933. 2008 Fritz Stern Dissertation Prize Winner, University Of Wisconsin La Crosse. PDF Download. Narrowing the focus even further to homosexuality was uniquely possible in the German context. The German homosexual movement had long roots among men in the second half of the nineteenth century and was then the most organized and publicly visible in the world.1 When women occupied their own specifi c corner of the developing homosexual public sphere in the late 1920s and early 1930s, they left a historical record that gave me an intriguing entry point for my inquiry. Women active in the German homosexual movement wrote articles, stories, autobiographical fragments, poetry, and letters to and for newspapers published for their community. 2 But telling the story of that one new public group, as important as it is, did not fully resolve my questions. By taking female homosexuality as a category—and a new one in public awareness—I could move out into discussions and representations of the intersection of gender and sexuality in many other contexts.

Brooks, Ross (2008). Vices Once Adopted': Theorising Male Homoeroticism in German-Language Legal and Forensic Discourses, 1752-1869. Reinvention: a journal of undergraduate research, 1(2). Full Text. Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century legal and forensic tracts in vernacular German offer a prime opportunity to understand elite attitudes towards homoerotic desire and sexual activity in Central Europe prior to the hegemony of psychiatry as the arbiter of ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ eroticism. They demonstrate that changes in body concepts conveyed largely by the anti-masturbation crusade affected discourses of same-sex eroticism (pederasty, boy-defilement, or sodomy) in specific ways. Penetrative, as well as receptive, roles in male-male anal sex were described in terms of pathology with the boundaries between cause and effect ambiguous. Increasingly fanciful descriptions of the perceived consequences of such penetrative practices spread from the anal and genital regions to cover every conceivable aspect of a participant’s body, mind, and being. As the integrity of pederastic stigmata was inevitably questioned, classical readings were utilised to rejuvenate pathological epistemologies of homoeroticism. In particular, Julius Rosenbaum’s presentation of the ‘feminine disease’ of the Scythians and of the hereditary potential of acquired sexual nonconformity was absorbed by Prussia’s leading forensic physician, Johann Ludwig Casper, and subsequently aided the integration of homoeroticism into nascent psychiatric discourses.

Espinaco-Virseda, Angeles (2004). “I feel that I belong to you”: Subculture, Die Freundin and Lesbian Identities in Weimar Germany. spacesofidentity, 4(1):  83-113. PDF Download. Before World War I, Berlin was known for its large male homosexual subculture. After the war, however, the sudden emergence of a visible lesbian subculture was unprecedented and remarkable because, previously, lesbianism had been thought to be rare. The development of modern mass culture coincided with the rise of homosexual subculture, facilitating the formation of lesbian identities. However, as will be suggested first, these identities also had their roots in medical discourse and the homosexual emancipation movement, which looked to medical research to support its demands for homosexual rights. Also, lesbian clubs and nightclubs, as well as lesbian magazines, were closely linked to the homosexual emancipation movement, and they were the sites which brought women together and which facilitated lesbian identification. Therefore, this paper will explore the production of these identities by examining the subcultural network and, in particular, the lesbian magazine Die Freundin, as a mass cultural publication in which science, mass culture, and subculture intersected. This will highlight the constructed, unstable and ambiguous nature of Weimar lesbian identities, which were varied and overlapping.

Sept siècles d'histoire de l'homosexualité en Suisse: 1291-2001

Les Cahiers Gai Kitsch Camp: - A collection of French papers containing a wealth of historical information. Contents given. They are available in some of France's libraries and may also be ordered (Translation).

Resources from "Séminaire gai": Texte archivé sur le site (Translation): Thèses, Articles, Travaux divers... (Translation) - Thèses françaises de 3e cycle ou ancien régime relatives à l'homosexualité (ou contenant des références à l'homosexualité) (Translation) - Actualité des cours, séminaires (Courses) (Translation) - Droit (Law section) (Translation) - Archives (Translation) - Liens (Web links). (Note: L'objectif du Séminaire gai, site d'information, est d'améliorer la diffusion de l'information sur les études homosexuelles ou lesbiennes de langue francophone ou concernant les pays de la francophonie. The purpose of Séminaire gai , information site, is the improvement and diffusion of information concerning studies on homosexuality and lesbianism in the French language or concerning Francophone countries.)

Michel Foucault: problématique pour une histoire de l’homosexualité, Lawrence Olivier avec la collaboration de Roger Noël, Revue sexologique/ Sexological Review, Vol. 2, no 1, printemps 1994 Vol. 2 No. 1 Spring 1994 (PDF Download, or access web page for PDF Download (Translation) - In HTML at Revue sexologique/ Sexological Review) (Translation) - Marc-André Raffalovitch, un pionnier de l'“homoliberté”, Patrick Cardon, déc. 89 (Translation). - Formes de résistances et d’expression lesbiennes dans les années cinquante et soixante en France, Claudie Lesselier, décembre 98 (Translation). - De l'émancipation des femmes dans la cité, lesbiennes et féministes au XXe siècle, Marie-Jo Bonnet, Les Temps Modernes, Paris, Mars-Avril 1998 (Translation). - Les relations amoureuses entre les femmes du XVIe au XXe siècle, Entretien avec Marie-Jo Bonnet, Revue h, été 1996 (Translation). (PDF Download, or access web page for PDF Download) (Translation).

Revenin, Régis (2006). L’émergence d’un monde homosexuel moderne dans le Paris de la Belle Époque. Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, 4 (53/54). Full Text. Translation.  Cet article se propose d’examiner les conditions d’émergence d’un monde homosexuel [1] contemporain et d’identités sexuelles nouvelles et spécifiques dans le Paris de la Belle Époque, paradigme de la modernité urbaine, à l’instar de Londres ou de New York [2] Comment est-on passé, à l’extrême fin du XIXe siècle, de subcultures secrètes à un embryon de communauté homosexuelle visible ? Comment les homosexuels se sont-ils appropriés l’espace urbain ? Quels rapports ont-ils alors entretenu avec les autres acteurs du territoire ?

Brief History of the Italian GLBT Movement. - History of Italian gay life. - A canon, a choirboy, and homosexuality in late sixteenth-century Italy: a case study (1991).

Lo sconcertante sito di Giovanni Dall'Orto su omosessualità e cultura... Storia e omosessualità: saggi (Translation).

Ross, Charlotte (2011). Italian ‘lesbian’ literature: tribades, flames and sapphists. Presentation at the Shout festival of Queer Culture, Birmingham, UK. PDF Download. This talk comes out of a research project I am working on, exploring cultural representations of lesbian identities in Italy, from the 1870s to today. I’m focussing on literature, but in order to provide the context in which this literature was written, I’m also looking at some journals, newspapers, diaries, political manifestos, film and tv. It’s a big project. It was inspired by my interest in how lesbians and female same sex desire are represented in novels, and by an urge to challenge the general view that nothing much has been written in Italian about desire between women. I have already discovered that there is quite a lot out there. And I think it is important to talk about it because cultural visibility, or invisibility, can have such a big impact on social attitudes towards sexuality, particularly in a country like Italy.

Andits, Eszter (2010). "Sore on the Nation's Body": Repression of Homosexuals Under Italian Facism. Master's of Arts Dissertation, History Department, Central European University. PDF Download. This thesis is written about Italian Fascism and its repression of homosexuality, drawing on primary sources of Italian legislation, archival data, and on the few existent (and in most of the cases fragmentary) secondary literatures on this puzzling and relatively under-represented topic. Despite the absence of proper criminal laws against homosexuality, the Fascist regime provided its authorities with the powers to realize their prejudices against homosexuals in action, which resulted in sending more hundreds of "pederasts" to political or common confinement. Homosexuality which, during the Ventennio shifted from being "only" immoral to being a real danger to the grandness of the race, was incompatible with the totalitarian Fascist plans of executing an "anthropological revolution"of the Italian population. Even if the homosexual repression grew simultaneously with the growing Italian sympathy towards Nazi Germany, this increased intolerance can not attributed only to the German influence. I would argue instead,that before the advent of Fascism, Italy had been the cradle of racist and homophobic ideas which gained prominence mainly by the theories of Cesare Lombroso and other scientists of the positivist school. The positivist credo in preventive/punitive seclusion resuscitated institutional practices as diffida, ammonizione and domicilio coatto during the Fascist era, and deployed them as means to repress any phenomenon which did not conform to the regime's standards.

Brown, Judith C (1984). Lesbian Sexuality in Renaissance Italy: The Case of Sister Benedetta Carlini. Signs, 9: 751-758. PDF Download. Related. The discovery of the fascinating and richly documented story of Sister Benedetta Carlini, Abbess of the Convent of the Mother of God, by Judith C. Brown was an event of major historical importance. Not only is the story revealed in Immodest Acts that of the rise and fall of a powerful woman in a church community and a record of the life of a religious visionary, it is also the earliest documentation of lesbianism in modern Western history. Born of well-to-do parents, Benedetta Carlini entered the convent at the age of nine. At twenty-three, she began to have visions of both a religious and erotic nature. Benedetta was elected abbess due largely to these visions, but later aroused suspicions by claiming to have had supernatural contacts with Christ. During the course of an investigation, church authorities not only found that she had faked her visions and stigmata, but uncovered evidence of a lesbian affair with another nun, Bartolomeo. The story of the relationship between the two nuns and of Benedetta's fall from an abbess to an outcast is revealed in surprisingly candid archival documents and retold here with a fine sense of drama.

LGBT history in the Netherlands (Wikipedia). - Gay Amsterdam: History, Fairness and a Beautiful Monument (2009).

The Amsterdam Bar Culture And Changing Gay/Lesbian Identities [from 1930 to 1970].

- Homosexuality in the Netherlands in the 20th Century. - Dutch gay emancipation history (1911-1986) (1987). - A research into homosexuality in The Netherlands (1987). - LGBT History: Dutch Priests Castrated Gay Men In The 1950's (2012). - Dutch Parliament Reviews Alleged Castrations Ordered by Catholic Church Officials (2012).

Davis, Evan (2003). "A Full and Exact Relation": Sodomy, Authenticity, and Publication in the Narrative of the Marooned Dutchman. The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation, 44(2/3): 257-277. PDF Download. In May 1725, a Dutch sailor named Jan Svilt, having been caught kissing a cabin boy, was subjected to the water torture until he confessed to sodomitical acts. After his captain, Dirk van Kloop, along with a council of the ship's officers, condemned him to be marooned on Ascension Island, Svilt began to compose a journal in which he described his diet of birds and turtles, his search for water, his regret for his lustful desires, and the hellish apparitions that appeared to him during the night. Because much of the current knowledge about eighteenth-century homosexuality is derived from court transcripts or hearsay about scandals, if the journal is factual, it would be a valuable eighteenth-century artifact, a rare record of the dying months of a man convicted of sodomy.

Article from the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, ed. Wayne Dynes (New York: Garland, 1990): Spain. Spain is one of the countries with the richest homosexual history. An appreciation of same-sex love, along with a cult of beauty and poetry, has been present during many periods of Spain’s history.

Social stereotypes and masculine homosexualities: The Spanish case (2011): The Spanish democracy has brought about important transformations in the cultural construction of homosexual masculinities. Leaving behind the classical southern Mediterranean stereotypical images — structured around the binary opposition between ‘top’ and ‘bottom’ sexualities — a new model has emerged where the idea of ‘gayness’ replaces old ways of thinking about male homosexuality. These changes have shaped both the hegemonic view of homosexuals in society and perceptions by homosexuals themselves. Slowly, Spanish homosexuals have created new narratives dissociated from strategies of adaptation to the homophobic contexts of the Francoist regime. Spanish homosexuals no longer mechanically reproduce social prejudices about male homosexuality. They have also developed new frameworks to think about themselves. These new narratives help Spanish society enrich its own view of homosexual identity by incorporating variables such as social class and age. This article explores these transformations from a socio-historical perspective and delineates key historical moments: pre-gay, gay and hyper-gay.

PDF Download. This dissertation, a product of over two years of living and researching in Chueca, Madrid, Spain, is informed by themes of: globalization of sexual identity; the relationships between sexual identity, consumption and popular culture; the use and sometimes abuse of urban space for the fomentation of sexual identity in personal lives, politics and public awareness; and, of course, the problems facing a 'native' and yet, foreign anthropologist in a globalized Western European city. Overall, the study addresses how the urban space of Chueca is understood, utilized, and taken advantage of by the gay community in Madrid; and the repercussions, and consequences evident from 1975, the time of Spain's transition to democracy (La Transición) to one year after the 2005 legalization of gay marriage in Spain.

Perez-Sanchez, Gema (2000). Franco’s Spain, Queer Nation? University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 33(3): 359-402. PDF Download. This Article discusses how, through its juridical apparatus, the Spanish dictatorship of Francisco Franco sought to define and to contain homosexuality, followed by examples of how underground queer activism contested homophobic laws. The Article concludes by analyzing a literary work to illustrate the social impact of Francoism's homophobic law against homosexuality. A revised, expanded version of this Article is included in a forthcoming book by the author entitled, “Queer Transitions in Contemporary Spanish Culture: From Franco to la Movida” (State University of New York Press, Series on Latin American and Iberian Thought and Culture, forthcoming 2005).

Homosexuality: Published in Encyclopedia of Medieval Iberia, ed. MichaelGerli (New York: Routledge, 2003), 398–399. PDF Download. Homosexuality was a key symbolic issue throughout the Iberian middle ages. As was customaryeverywhere until the nineteenth century, homosexuality was not viewed as a congenital disposition or “identity”; the focus was on non-procreative sexualpractices, of whichsodomy was the most controversial. Female homosexual behavior was ignored, and almost nothing is known about it. In al-Andalus, homosexual pleasures were much indulged in by the intellectual and political elite. Evidence includes the behavior of rulers, such as Abd ar-Rahman III, al-Hakem II, Hisham II, and al-Mutamid, who openly kept male harems; the memoirs of Badis, last Zirid king of Granada; references to homosexual prostitutes, who charged higher fees, and had a higher class of clientele, than did female prostitutes; the repeated criticisms of Christians; and especially the abundant poetry. Bothpederasty and love between adult males are found. Although homosexual practices were never officially condoned, prohibitions against themwere rarely enforced, and usually there was not even a pretense of doing so.

Eisenberg, Daniel (2006). Homosexuality in the Spanish Renaissance. (To be published in Siting Queer Masculinities, 1550-1800, ed. Katherine O’Donnell and Michael O’Rourke.) - - Queer Masculinities, 1550-1800: Siting Same-Sex Desire in the Early Modern World - 2006 - edited by Katherine O'Donnell, Michael O'Rourke. PDF Download.  It is worth suggesting that the homosexuality attributed to Spanish Muslims and Spanish Jews as well was to some degree a projection of and a creation of Christian Spain. The history has been only partially reconstructed, but in the better-documented, more recent periods, the evidence is there. Sixteenth-century Algiers, for example, is relatively well known to us. It was a place where homosexual behavior of all sorts could be practiced openly, where men and their (usually young) male lovers could circulate freely, where the ruler could have a male harem, and where homosexual sex in public was not only not condemned or punished, but applauded, according to the outraged testimony of European visitors. Yet this homosex-positive culture was not something native to Algiers; it was overwhelmingly something brought there and maintained there by those born Christian. Ruler after ruler in Algiers were “renegades”— those who denied (re-negar) their religion and converted to Islam. They were former Christians who, fleeing from the police or for some other reason, moved to North Africa, converted, and set out to enjoy themselves. Furthermore, the preferred sexual partners, both male and female, were not the native Muslims, but captured and enslaved Christians. In a sense, Algiers was Europe’s gay ghetto.

A Depiction of Male Same-Sex Seduction in Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Effects of Bad Government Fresco (2012). - Charlotte Wolff’s Contribution to Bisexual History and to (Sexuality) Theory and Research: A Reappraisal for Queer Times (2012).

Books: - 'Los Invisibles': A History of Male Homosexuality in Spain, 1850-1940 - 2007 - by Richard Cleminson, Francisco Vazquez Garcia (Google Books) (Free ebook Download) (University of Chicago Press).

Scandinavia

Gunnora Hallakarva: The Vikings and Homosexuality. -

Books

Russian Gay History: Introduction. - 1600-1861: Traditional Masculinities And Love Between Men. - 1861-1917: The Appearance of a Homosexual Subculture. - 1917-1991: Carving Privacy From Communal Space. - Adelphopoiia - The Rite of Spiritual Brotherhood.

Russia's Other Heroes: The Gay Voices of 1812 (2012): Proponents of the new anti-gay laws in Russia claim to be upholding "traditional Russian values," yet there was a time when everyone, it seems, from tsars to tavern singers was at least sexually ambiguous, enough to constitute a tradition. Russia has had its cultural icons who were gay: Tchaikovsky, Gogol, Mussorgsky, Diaghilev, Eisenstein, to name a few. St. Petersburg must be the campest 19th-century capital, with its Hollywood stage-set smirk and tutti-frutti church domes. Nevsky Prospekt, the city's principal drag, offered prime cruising for peacocked boys in fetching hussar stripes and tight, white breeches. Typically, plenty of evidence survives for man-on-man action but precious little about women, although Durova's autobiography offers a glimpse at a marvelous hinterland. In the 1820s, poet Mikhail Lermontov described gay sexual shenanigans in a notorious poem called Ode to the Lavatory, the scene of nightly encounters between fellow military cadets: "... here the shirt is lifted, revealing a silky ass and thighs... 'hold me! I am melting! I'm on fire!'" At about the same time the writer, Philip Vigel, was so "out" Alexander Pushkin once tried to entice him to visit Odessa with the promise of his pick of a trio of handsome young brothers -- "what they get up to really makes the whole place shake." - GLBTQ: Russian Literature.

Pederasty in the Middle East & Central Asia (Wikipedia). - Language and identity: Homosexuality in the Arab history (2012). - Homosexuality and Islamic History with a Focus on Modern Day Afghanistan (2011)

Lagrange, Frédéric (2000). Male Homosexuality in Modern Arabic Literature. In: Ghoussoub, Mai and Emma Sinclair-Webb, Eds. Imagined Masculinities: Male Identity and Culture in the Modern Middle East, pp. 169-198. PDF Download.

Crompton, Louis (1997). Male Love and Islamic Law in Arab Spain. Chapter 8, Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature - 1997 - edited by Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe. A unique flowering of homoerotic poetry took place in Iberia after the Arab conquest in 71 L The efflorescence there repeated a phenomenon of the Islamic world generally, paralleling the erotic lyrics of Iraq, Persia, Afghanistan, Mughal India, Turkey, and the North African states of Egypt, Tunis, and Morocco. The anthologies of medieval Islamic poetry, whether compiled in Baghdad, Damascus, Isfahan, Delhi, Kabul, Istanbul, Cairo, Kairouan, or Fez reveal, with astonishing consistency over a period of a millennium, the same strain of passionate homoeroticism we find in love poems from Cordoba, Seville, and Granada.

Amer, Sahar  (2009). Medieval Arab Lesbians and Lesbian-Like Women. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 18(2): 215-236. PDF Download. If the absence of specific terminology to denote lesbianism in medieval Europe seems to have compromised the production of scholarship about same-sex love and desire among women, the existence of the label sahq and sihaqa, musahaqat al-nisa’, or sahiqa (Arabic words for “lesbianism” and “lesbian,” respectively) in medieval Arabic writings did not result in a richer critical production. In fact, if relatively little research has been conducted on female same-sex desire in medieval Europe, even less has been produced on homosexuality in the medieval Arabic literary or Islamicate tradition, and almost no research at all has been done on medieval Arab Islamicate lesbianism. This state of scholarship into alternative sexual practices in the Arab Islamicate world is especially astonishing considering the survival of a noteworthy body of primary texts dealing precisely with this topic. Furthermore, if one broadens the category of medieval Arab lesbian to include women who were “lesbian-like,” as Judith Bennett has invited us to do in our construction of the history of Western female homosexuality, we uncover additional expressions of medieval Arab lesbian presence. For indeed, the cultural and social life of some women in certain medieval Arab courts, including their work and lifestyle, may well unveil unsuspected spaces in which same-sex activities might have occurred. If it is not always clear that these practices could be dubbed lesbian, they may well be considered lesbian-like.

Čvorović, Jelena (2006). Islamic homosexuality. Antropologija 1: 85-103. PDF Download. This paper will discuss the customary practice of male same-sex behavior in Islamic cultures. In polygynous societies females are put at premium, and virtually all marry. Homosexual relations are especially likely to happen in a single-sex setting, where contact with members of the opposite sex is entirely cut off, or when females are segregated and guarded, as in most Muslim societies. Polygyny reflects the natural desire of men of all ages for young females, but only powerful men can fulfill this allmale desire. The existence of young males available for sexual penetration protects women by providing a sexual outlet for many single men.

Sexual Politics in Modern Iran - 2009 - by Janet Afary. Review: The impacts of modernization and the project of normalizing heterosexuality led to drastic changes in the norms of intergenerational homoeroticism. In the late 19th, romantic and sexual attachments between adolescent boys and men, and sometimes between adult male couples, appear to have been the norm. - Review: Iran`s Hidden Homosexual History. - Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature - 1997 - edited by J.W.Wright Jr. and Everett K. Rowson (Review). - Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800 - 2005 - by Khaled El-rouayheb (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review). - Female Homosexuality in the Middle East: Histories and Representations - 2009 - by Samar Habib (Google Books) (Review).- Crossing Borders: Love Between Women in Medieval French and Arabic Literatures - 2008 - by Sahar Amer (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Desiring Arabs - 2007 - by Joseph A. Massad (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Full Text: 1-190). - Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature - 1997 - edited by Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe (Google Books) (Review) (Review). 

Homosexuality in Ancient India. - Homosexuality and Theravada Buddhism. - Homosexuality and Sikhism. - Homosexuality and Sikhism. - Homosexuality and Sikhism. - Homosexuality in India: A Literary History (2012). - Homosexuality and our forefathers. - Sexuality in Ancient India: A Study Based on the Pali Vinayapi.taka. - Pandit Nehru's Homosexuality. (Alternate Link) - India's Slow Descent Into Homophobia (Alternate Link). - Homophobia within India. - The developing world's homophobia is a legacy of colonial rule. - Homosexuality in India: To begin with, India's colourful history is rife with examples of homosexuality in different forms... Therefore, it is a great irony that at a time when the West has begun to come to terms with this controversial lifestyle, India is still governed by laws made by Westerners in a different age altogether... In today's urban India, cases of homosexuality have an undeniable presence. However for a vast majority of them, secrecy is not just preferable but necessary... - LGBT themes in Hindu mythology (Wikipedia). - Homosexuality in India: Past and Present (2002).

Dasgupta, Rohit K (2011). Queer Sexuality: A Cultural Narrative of India’s Historical Archive. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 3(4): 651-670. PDF Download. This article is a brief historical overview of the Queer archive in India. The precolonial and colonial archive provides several possibilities for ‘authenticating’ the queer identity and claiming some of the history that modern nationalist homophobia seeks to wipe out. Identities are complex to begin with and become more complicated when relating them to the nation and sexuality. Contemporary Indian sexual identities are constructed out of the multiplicitious effects and perceptions of tradition, modernity, colonisation and globalisation that are more often than not in conflict with each other. This article is a literature review of several contemporary queer writing in India and creates a starting point for discussions on India’s queer sexuality.

LGBT history in Singapore (Wikipedia). - 'I'm saving Thailand's gay history' (2007).

Garcia, J Neil C (2004). Male Homosexuality in the Philippines: a short history. IIAS Newsletter # 35, 12-13. 

'Imagining Gay Paradise': The history of gays in Southeast Asia (2012): In "Imagining Gay Paradise: Bali, Bangkok and Cyber-Singpore," Gary L. Atkins traces the history of Southeast Asia as a haven — or hell — for homosexuals over the past century. Atkins will discuss his book June 23 at Elliott Bay Books. - Imagining Gay Paradise: Bali, Bangkok, and Cyber-Singapore - 2012 - by Gary L. Atkins

Japan's Gay History. 

North America

The Impact of Colonization on the Role of the Nontraditional Native American Woman (1996, by Caitlin Howell): The following paper is an analysis of the impact of Western European culture on Native American culture as it relates to social and sexual roles of Native American women. Specifically, I would like to examine the impact of the introduction of Western European society, which is characterized by a patriarchal power structure, on the status of female homosexuals and females who existed in male gender roles(cross-gender roles) in Native American tribes. What emerged as I examined sources for this paper was that, first, pre-colonial Native American society was a society which gave relatively equal status to males and females. Because of the equal distribution of power, it did not upset the power structure for women to identify with what Western European society defined as men's sexual or social roles, nor was it a threat for men to identify with women's social or sexual roles. After being conquered by patriarchal Western European-America, Native American culture exhibited somewhat predictable results. In a male dominated power structure, a woman who adopts a man's social or sexual role may be perceived as demanding the power normally given to a man. On the other hand, a man who adopts a woman's social or sexual role is perceived as voluntarily and foolishly giving up the power associated with the man's role. Any of these four lifestyle choices, which are incongruous with Western European social roles at the time of colonization, were perceived as threatening to the patriarchal power structure of Western European society. In the period following colonization, cross-culture and homosexual Native Americans became less valuable within their own cultures, and nearly disappeared. Today, in the post-civil rights era, Native American societies struggle with centuries of sexism inherited from European America, and homosexual Native Americans attempt to reclaim their traditionally accepted status.

Hemmilä, Anita (2005). Ancestors of Two-Spirits: Representations Of Native American Third-Gender Males In Historical Documentation: A Critical Discourse Analysis in Anthropology. Graduate Dissertation, University of Jyväskylä. PDF Download. Download Page.  The words hermaphrodite and berdache are some of the many terms that have been used in reference to certain kinds of North American natives who can be characterized as Native American third-genders. Nowadays, these kinds of natives call themselves two-spirits. In their own cultures, third-genders were, and to some extent still are, regarded as being outside the male and female genders, as if occupying a third-gender position in their society. In the past, these individuals had a visible and socially recognized position in their culture, and many Native American languages had special terms for them. These terms could be applied to real hermaphrodites and/or to those whose inner character contained the essence of both female and male characters. In the traditional native way of thinking, this gave them a unique spiritual power, supported by the ancient religious belief systems of their peoples. Nowadays, many of these Native American terms have either disappeared from use or do not have the same definition or connotations they once had. Many European and American terms applied to third-gender have fallen out of use as well. For example, the oldest one of these, hermaphrodite, was laterrealized to be a misnaming...

Medicine B (2002). Directions in gender research in American Indian societies: Two spirits and other categories. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 3, Chapter 2). PDF Download. Indigenous social role categories that represent third and fourth gender characteristics, such as the Lakota (Sioux) winkte and the Dino (Navajo) n<dleeh and other Native terms, mark the status of these individuals. However, they are often blanketed by the term, berdache, in social science literature. Contextualization in an ethnographic frame is essential to greater comprehension of these roles. A critical review of contemporary research and the writings of the Native occupants of these categories has resulted in an all encompassing term: "Two Spirits." Coterminously, Native terms for lesbians are also emerging. However, all Native gay males and lesbians have not accepted the term. This article discusses the concerns of indigenous researchers and others or non-indigenous researchers in this discourse...

Books: - Two-Spirit People Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality - 1997 - edited by Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas, and Sabine Lang (Google Books) (Amazon). - The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture - 1992 - by Walter L. Williams (Abstract) (Author Website) (Excerpts) (Amazon) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Google Books) - Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America - 1998 - by Will Rosco. (Review) (Review) (Amazon) (Google Books). - The Zuni Man-Woman - 1991 -by Will Rosco (Review). (Alternate Link) (Summary)  (Summary) (Review) (Amazon) (Google Books) (The Zuni Man-Woman: A Documentary Drama by Will Rosco, 1998). - Living the Spirit: A Gay American Indian Anthology - 1988, 1998 - edited by Will Rosco. - Many Faces of Gender: Roles and Relationships Through Time in Indigenous Northern Communities (Northern Lights, Calgary, Alta.), V. 2. - 2002 - edited by Lisa Frink, Shepard Rita S., Gregory A. Reinhardt (Review).

Books:

Gay Studies Profs Unite to Rewrite History in Chicago (2000). 

Smithsonian explores impact of gays on art history (2010): The Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery is decoding such history from abstract paintings and portraits in the first major museum exhibit to show how sexual orientation and gender identity have shaped American art. The installation, “Hide/Seek: Difference and Desire in American Portraiture,” opened Saturday and is on view through Feb. 13. “There’s been an entire history hiding in plain sight,” said Portrait Gallery historian and curator David C. Ward. “Telling the history of art without the history of gay people is like telling the history of slavery without mentioning black people.” - Gay Rumors In History: Celebrities And U.S. Presidents Who May Have Been LGBT (2012). - Seven LGBT African-Americans Who Changed The Face Of The Gay Community (2012). - Seeing the Future From Our Past; Black and Gay in History (2012).

Colonial America: The Age of Sodomitical Sin: 1607-1776. - ‘Wickedness Breaks Forth’: The Crime Of Sodomy In Colonial New England (1999/2000). - A chronology of U.S. lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender history (2003). - A Visual History of the Gay-Rights Movement - Photo Essays - TIME (2012). - The American Gay Rights Movement: A Timeline: 1924-2012. - Gay rights: five activists reflect on the history of the movement in the US (2012). - History of violence against LGBT people in the United States (Wikipedia).

Homo Sex in Colonial America (2009): "Jamestown was initially an all-male settlement. ...in subsequent years...male colonists outnumbered women by roughly six to one in the 1620's and four to one in later decades... It is difficult to believe that a group of young and notoriously unbridled men remained celibate for an extended period of time. It seems likely that some male settlers deprived of female companionship would have turned to each other instead. "Settlers in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake often paired off to form all-male households, living and working together. ...it would be truly remarkable if all the male-only partnerships lacked a sexual ingredient... IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO ASSUME, [my caps and bold], that much of the sex that took place... was sodomitical." These words are from Sexual Revolution in Early America, by Richard Godbeer an associate professor at UC Riverside and published by Johns Hopkins. My own research for my book, The American People, has revealed that not only were male-only partnerships quite in evidence, but services were often conducted to join the partners "under God," and that, of equal interest, was their adoption of Indian children to raise as their own. I hope it will not be too much longer before scholars will be able to deal with the fact that Jamestown was in fact not only America's first colony but its first homosexual community.

From Subversion to Obscenity: The FBI's Investigations of the Early Homophile Movement in the United States, 1953-1958 (2010).

Private Pain, Public Purges: A History of Homosexuality at Brigham Young University: A History of Homosexuality at Brigham Young University, 1940-1980 (1997, Archive Link). - Lesbian Mormon History. - Gay Mormon History. - Vassar's Queer History (2003). - University of Virginia Queer Hsitory. - Queer History at Earlham College.

Jehovah's Witnesses speak out (1999): If so, it might explain why he seemed to protect Percy Chapman, the alleged one-time lover of GB member Leo Greenlees. In 1959, under hint of homosexual scandal, Knorr went to Canada to replace Chapman, who was the Canadian Branch overseer. Knorr demoted Chapman to janitor, but let him remain at Toronto Bethel--on condition he marry. According to Larry D., a gay Toronto former JW, "Percy ... was totally anti-marriage and he made sure that none of the "Bethel boys" even contemplated the subject ...." Larry described the Bethel boys of the 1950s. "They were all young and handsome, hand-picked by Percy Chapman; there was even an elite group known as 'Percy's boys' who would accompany him to expensive restaurants and bars ... at the time, Bethel was on Irwin Avenue in the center of the gay district of Toronto. There was even a Kingdom Hall above 'The Parkside,' one of Toronto's few gay bars in the fifties and sixties." - History of Unitarian Universalist Involvement in and Support of Bisexual, Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Issues.

Gay & Lesbian History in the USA Snapshot of the 20th Century. - Urbanization and Social Change in the Gay South: - The Experience in North and South Carolina, 1971 - 1991 (Abstract & Full Text). (Alternate Link) - Southern [American] History  and Resources - Generations Galleries and Archives.

Coming to terms: from passionate friendship to gay liberation at Stanford (1891-1974) N/A. - The Oberlin College LGBT Community History Project. - Oberlin College LGBT Community History Project » Into the Pink.

GLBT History Month: - Quentin Crisp's life was performance art. - Kate Bornstein, your guide to living outside gender lines. - Activist Grethe Cammermeyer reflects on her family values.

Stonewall Riot: - The Stonewall Riot/Uprising of 1969: Advocate Article, 1987. - From Our Archives: The 1969 Advocate Article on the Stonewall Riots. - Stonewall Rebellion (2009, NYT). - Stonewall Riots of 1969: Some Memories About, and By, Those Who Were There. - Photo Gallery: Stonewall Uprising Images. - The Stonewall Riots, 43 Years Later: Reflections of One of the Oldest Surviving Veterans of the Seminal Uprising (2012). - Stonewall Rebellion veteran recalls the rebellion and its effects (2012).

Queer World Making: Annamarie Jagose interviews Michael Warner. - Performing the Closet: Grids and Suits in the Early Art of Gilbert and George.

Gay and Lesbian Regional History. - THE 80'S IN REVIEW: The Washington Blade 12/29/89 (U.S.)  - Flashback: Anita Bryant. - The brief history of gay athletes. - Brief history of gay athletes and events.

Northwest Lesbian and Gay History Museum Project.

The Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History:  An affiliated society of the American Historical Association. The Committee on Lesbian and Gay History was founded in 1979 to promote the study of homosexuality in the past and present by facilitating communication among scholars in a variety of disciplines working on a variety of cultures. The name of the committee was changed to Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History in January 2009. Since 1982, the Committee has been officially recognized as an affiliate of the American Historical Association and meets annually in conjunction with the AHA conference, where we sponsor sessions on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer history. One need not be a member of the AHA to join the Committee.

ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives: the oldest active Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning (LGBTQ) organization in the United States and the largest repository of LGBTQ materials in the world. Founded in 1952, ONE Archives currently houses over two million archival items including periodicals, books, film, video and audio recordings, photographs, artworks, organizational records and personal papers. The collections at ONE Archives are a part of the University of Southern California Libraries.

PBS Online - Out Of The Past: 400 Years of Lesbian & Gay History In America. "From the beginning of American history, homosexuality and love between people of the same sex have been part of the social and political landscape."

Books: - Long Before Stonewall: Histories of Same-Sex Sexuality in Early America - 2007 - edited by Thomas A. Foster (Google Books) (Contents, Introduction, Excerpts) (Review). - A Queer History of the United States - 2011 - by Michael Bronski (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Interview With Author). - Walt Whitman : A Gay Life - 1997 - by Gary Schmidgall (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Walt Whitman: Wikipedia). - Queer Cowboys: And Other Erotic Male Friendships in Nineteenth-Century American Literature - 2005 - by Chris Packard (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review). - Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships - 2006 - by William Benemann (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Queer America: A People's GLBT History of the United States - 2011 - by Vicki L. Eaklor (Google Books) (Review). - Growing Up Before Stonewall: Life Stories Of Some Gay Men - 1994 - by Peter Nardi (Google Books). - The Other Side of  Silence : Men's Lives and Gay Identities in Modern America: A Twentieth-Century History   1998 -by John Loughery (Review) (Review). - The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality and the Movies - 1987 - by Vito Russo (Google Books) (Review) (Related film & Review) (Vito Russo Beginnings Celluloid Closet, Video) (Related Film: The Celluloid Closet  100 years of homosexuality in mainstream movies).  

Books: - Behind the Mask of the Mattachine: The Hal Call Chronicles and the Early Movement for Homosexual Emancipation -2006 - by James Thomas Sears (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review).- Making History : The Struggle for Gay and Lesbian Equal Rights: 1945-1990 : An Oral History by Eric Marcus. - Making Gay History: The Half Century Fight for Lesbian and Gay Equal Rights - 2002 - by Eric Marcus (Google Books) (Review). - No Bath But Plenty of Bubbles: An Oral History of the Gay Liberation Front, 1970-73 -1995 - by Lisa Power (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review). - Unspeakable: the Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America - 1995 - by Rodger Streitmatter  (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Author Interview). - The Accidental Activist: A Personal and Political Memoir - 1996 - by Candice Gingrich with Chris Bull (Review). - Modern American Queer History - 2001 - edited by Allida M. Black (Excerpt: Chapter 1, Download Page) (Google Books).- Harvard's Secret Court: The Savage 1920 Purge of Campus Homosexuals - 2005 - by William Wright (Google Books) (Review). - The Heart of Whiteness: Normal Sexuality and Race in America, 1880–1940 - 2007 - by Julian B. Carter (Review) (Review).

Books: - Lonely Hunters: An Oral History of Lesbian and Gay Southern Life, 1948-1968 - 1997 - by James T. Sears (Contents/Excerpts) (Google Books) (Review). - Men Like That: A Southern Queer History - 2001 - by John Howard  (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review). - Queer Man on Campus: A History of Non-Heterosexual College Men, 1945-2000 - 2002 - by Patrick Dilley (Google Books) (Review). -  Rebel: The Life and Legend of James Dean - 1996 - by Donald Spoto (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - The Trouble With Harry Hay: Founder of the Modern Gay Movement - 1990 - by Stuart Timmons (Google Books) (Updated 2012 Edition) (Excerpt) (Review) (Review) (Queer Theory: Harry Hay). -  Radically Gay: Gay Liberation in the Words of its Founder, Harry Hay - 1996 - edited by Will Roscoe (Review) (Review) (Podcast: Radically Gay: Harry Hay, LGBT Pioneer). - Same-Sex Affairs: Constructing and Controlling Homosexuality in the Pacific Northwest - 2003 - by Peter G. Boag (Google Books) (Review). 

Coming Out Under Fire - 1990 - by Alan Berube (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (A related documentary: Preview). - Speaking Out: Writings on Sex, Law, Politics, and Society, 1954-1995 - 1997 - by Antony Grey (Google Books). - Rough News, Daring Views: 1950’s Pioneer Gay Press Journalism - 1998 - by Jim Kepner (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Historical documentary highlights 'Angels in America'. - Approaching the Millennium : Essays on Angels in America (Theater - Text/Theory Performance Series). - Angels in America - site dedicated to the play, its author, and productions. - Gay and Lesbian Rights in the United States: A Documentary History - 2003 - edited by Walter L. Williams, Yolanda Retter (Abstract). - The Literature of Lesbianism: A Historical Anthology From Ariosto To Stonewall - 2005 - by Terry Castle (Google Books) (Review). - Young Man from the Provinces: A Gay Life Before Stonewall - 1996 - by Alan Helms (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review).

Books: - To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America - A History by Lilian Faderman (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America - 1991 by Lilian Faderman (Google Books) (Review). - Gay Old Girls - 1998 - by Zsa Zsa Gershick (Review). - Secret Service: Untold Stories of Lesbians in the Military - 2005 - by Zsa Zsa Gershick (Google Books) (Review). - Putting Your Daughters on the Stage: Lesbian Theatre from the 1970s to the 1990s - 1997 - by Sandra Freeman (Google Books) (Review).  - What is She Like? Lesbian Identities from the 1950s to the 1990s - 1995 - by Rosa Ainley (Google Books). - Inventing Lesbian Cultures in America - 1997 - edited by Ellen Lewin (Google Books) (Review). - Outlaw Marriages: The Hidden Histories of Fifteen Extraordinary -Same-Sex Couples - 2012 - by Rodger Streitmatter (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review).

Books: - Gay Artists in Modern American Culture: An Imagined Conspiracy - 2007 - by Michael S. Sherry (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review). - Slumming: Sexual and Racial Encounters in American Nightlife, 1885-1940 - 2009 - by Chad Heap (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Interview With Author). - Secret Historian: The Life and Times of Samuel Steward, Professor, Tattoo Artist, and Sexual Renegade - 2010 by Justin Spring (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Book Website). - Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category - 2007 - by David Valentine (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - American Psychiatry and Homosexuality: An Oral History - 007 - edited by Jack Drescher, Joseph P. Merlino (Review) (Review) (Review). - Gay American history: lesbians and gay men in the U.S.A., a documentary - 1976 - by Jonathan Ned Katz. - Queer Images: A History of Gay and Lesbian Film in America - 2005 - by Harry M. Benshoff, Sean Griffin (Google Books).

The Golden Age of Promiscuity - 1996 - by Brad Gooch (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Author Website). - American Homo: Community and Peversity by Jeffrey Escoffier (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review). - Bigger Than Life: The History of Gay Porn Cinema from Beefcake to Hardcore - 2009 - by Jeffrey Escoffier (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review). - Farm Boys: Lives of Gay Men from the Rural Midwest - 1996 - edited by Will Fellows (Google Books) (Review). -  The Stonewall Experiment: A Gay Psychohistory - 1995 - by Ian Young (Review).  - Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s-1970s - 2006 - by Martin Meeker (Review). - Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation - 1997 - by Arlene Stein (Google Books) (Review). - History of Gay People in Alcoholics Anonymous: From the Beginning - 2006 - by Audrey Borden (Google Books).

Hansen B (2002). Public careers and private sexuality: some gay and lesbian lives in the history of medicine and public health. American Journal of Public Health, 92(1):36-44. Abstract. PDF Download. This study explores the careers of 5 physicians active in public health and medicine during the first half of the 20th century to illustrate interactions between private and professional life. An examination of these individuals, who might today be variously designated as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, or queer, suggests how historical understanding can be enriched by a greater willingness to investigate intimacy and sexual life as potentially relevant to career and achievements. Further, the narratives support a plea for all historians to provide readers with a more frank acknowledgment of the possible relevance of personal life to intellectual work, even in the sciences. Additionally, this historical exploration of ways that careers and achievements may have been affected by a person's homosexuality (even when the person did not publicly embrace a gay identity) opens up a new area of research through biographical sketches based on historical sources combined with generalizations that are intentionally provisional. Included are the stories of Sara Josephine Baker, Harry Stack Sullivan, Ethel Collins Dunham, Martha May Eliot, and Alan L. Hart.

Eskridge Jr., William N (1993). A History of Same Sex Marriage. Virginia Law Review, 79(7): 1419-1513. Download Page. PDF Download.The stories of We'wha, Ifeyinwa Olinke, and Sergius and Bacchus resonate strangely in modern American ears. Culturally, most twentieth- century Americans consider marriage to be an institution that intrinsically involves different- rather than same-sex partners. Although some Americans are willing to tolerate same-sex relationships, and even to give them some euphemistic sanction, few consider them to be "real" marriages. The law reflects these cultural attitudes. For example, the most recent edition of Black's Law Dictionary defines "marriage" as the "legal status, condition, or relation of one man and one woman united in law for life, or until divorced, for the discharge to each other and the community of the duties legally incumbent on those whose association is founded on the distinction of sex."

. Full Text. This article analyzes gender anxieties in the post-World War II McCarthy-era gay rights movement known as the "homophile movement" in the United States. Using survey data gathered by these pioneering gay rights organizations as well as letters written to ONE magazine (the first gay magazine in the U.S., 1953-1967), "Unacceptable Mannerisms" demonstrates that homophile movement leaders worried about the negative social impact of stereotypical iconic representations of effeminate male homosexuals while rank-and-file homophiles worried about specific threats to their livelihoods caused by the visibility of effeminate male homosexuals. The homophile movement thus boldly challenged prevailing conceptualizations about sexuality during the 1950s yet simultaneously reinforced the hegemonic masculinity characteristic of broader postwar American gender patterns. Homophile anxieties regarding "swishy" behavior underscore a paradox about homosexual visibility in the 1950s. The homophile movement sought to create a positive collective homosexual image modeled on an idealized middle-class white-collar worker. At the same time, the movement discouraged individual visible markers of homosexual identity such as effeminacy. This paradox is partly explained by the increasingly middle-class character of gay identity after World War II; this trend reflects a broader shift toward middle-class identity in American society during these years.

Foote, Learned (2011). Homosexual Democracy in America: Political Ideology and Organization in the Mattachine, 1950-1954. Honors Dissertation, Columbia University. PDF Download. Download Page. The political principles of the organization shifted considerably over its lifetime. Harry Hay, a Communist Party member from 1934-1951, hosted the first meetings in 1950 with a small group of mostly leftist gay men, which consisted of Rudi Gernreich, Chuck Rowland, Bob Hull, and Dale Jennings. These five founders, known as the Fifth Order, structured a secret society and organized separate discussion groups, each limited to a few dozen members. The rank-and-file members of the organization did not know of the other chapters’ existence, but the Fifth Order directed the entire structure, maintaining secrecy and anonymity reminiscent of Freemasonry or the Communist Party. The purpose of the organization was to mobilize and unify a distinct and potentially militant 2 homosexual minority, which would follow a new code of ethics to distinguish itself from the dominant heterosexual majority. Recruitment numbers remained low for the first few months, but the Mattachine began to develop organizationally in 1952. These developments shifted the Mattachine from its ideological foundations and split the consensus of the Fifth Order. The process began that summer when Dale Jennings pled innocent after being accused of lewd conduct by a police officer. Emboldened by their success after the jury sided with Jennings and the district attorney dismissed the case, the Mattachine leadership sought a visible position in society by attempting to officially incorporate as the Mattachine Foundation. Three female relatives were the figureheads of the organization, but the Fifth Order operated the organization and recruited professionals—including a minister and a doctor—to lend the Mattachine Foundation credibility. In the autumn of 1952, one of the discussion groups decided to found a publication on homosexuality, and ONE Magazine emerged, assembled by individuals who held leadership positions within the Mattachine, but tended to hold more conservative political views. The Dale Jennings trial, the Mattachine Foundation and ONE Magazine encouraged participation from many individuals who disagreed with Hay’s thesis of a separate homosexual minority and prescribed a different path towards social integration.

Davidson GR (2001). Liberation, Commodity Culture and Community in 'the Golden Age of Promiscuity'. Australian Humanities Review, (23). Full Text. My account of liberationist discourse centres on the 1970s writings of Altman; I focus on him because his work is both representative of liberationist ideology and one of the most elaborated responses from a gay liberationist perspective to the changing political and cultural climate of the decade. My account of the fictional representation of the new urban gay world concentrates on Larry Kramer's 1978 novel, Faggots, a satirical anatomy of the New York gay ghetto. The juxtaposition of Altman and Kramer is not meant to suggest a straightforward repudiation of consumer culture on the one hand and an endorsement on the other: while Altman remains dubious about the effects of the commercial gay world, his writings are characterised by an increasing ambivalence toward this world, an increasing tendency to register its attractions and the meanings of those attractions; and far from endorsing the post-Stonewall lifestyle, Kramer's novel was, and perhaps even still is, notorious for its savage representation of the denizens and pleasures of gay Manhattan. I will argue, however, that in Kramer's novel, as well as in other examples of gay fiction from this period, the depiction of what has been named from the ironic and nostalgic perspective of post-AIDS gay culture "the golden age of promiscuity"1 frequently gestures toward the utopian dimensions of consumption, in ways contrary to the general perspective of liberationist ideology. 

Cities

Cities:

Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians - 2006 - by Lillian Faderman, Stuart Timmons

New York City Gay Biographies. - Timeline of Harlem Gay History. - Timeline of Chelsea Gay History. - New York City Gay History Timelines. - Great Moments in Gay New York City Theater History. - Books about New York City's Gay History.

Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 - 1994 - by George Chauncey (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Excerpts) (George Chauncey: Wikipedia). - Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America's First Gay and Lesbian Town - 1993 - by Esther Newton (Google Books) (Review) (Cherry Grove: Wikipedia) (How did Fire Island become so Gay?). - The Gay Metropolis: 1940-1996 - 1997 -  by Charles Kaiser (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Author Interview). - Between You and Me: Queer Disclosures in the New York Art World, 1948–1963 - 2005 - by Gavin Butt (Google Books) (Review) (Interview With Author).

Chicago Gay History. - Looking back in history: Pink Angels take it to the Streets (2011). - Chicago's Stonewall: The Trip Raid in 1968 (2008, Alternate Link). - AIDS: The plague years; Windy City Times Special Series in partnership with the AIDS Foundation of Chicago (2011). - The Gay Rights Movement In Illinois: A History (2010).

Exploring Chicago's Gay History (2011): The Chicago History Museum is planning an expansive exhibit on the city's LGBT-related milestones — possibly the first gay history project produced by an urban museum. The "Out in Chicago" exhibit opens May 21 and will include pictures and stories of gay life in the Windy City, including the rise of gay voters as a political force. Chicago has long been a magnet for LGBT Americans, even in the 19th century — the city enacted an ordinance in 1851 prohibiting cross-dressing, which bureaucrats viewed as a growing problem. - Chicago History Museum To Open GLBT Exhibit In May (2011). - Cruising Through History: Exploring Chicago's LGBT Past (2011).

The Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame: is both a historic event and an exhibit. Through the Hall of Fame, residents of Chicago and the world are made aware of the contributions of Chicago's lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities and the communities' efforts to eradicate homophobic bias and discrimination. With the support of the City of Chicago Commission on Human Relations, the Advisory Council on Gay and Lesbian Issues (now the Advisory Council on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Issues) established the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame in June 1991. The inaugural induction ceremony took place during Gay and Lesbian Pride Week at City Hall, hosted by Mayor Richard M. Daley. This was the first event of its kind in the country.

Seattle, WA: Queen City Comes Out: Exploring Seattle's Lesbian and Gay History. - History of the LGBT community in Seattle (Wikipedia).

Queer History in Seattle, Part 1: to 1967. - Queer History in Seattle, Part 2: After Stonewall.

Claiming Space: Seattle's Lesbian and Gay Historical Geography - 2004 - by Northwest Lesbian and Gay History Museum Project. - Mosaic1: Life Stories - 2002 - by Northwest Lesbian and Gay History Museum Project. - Gay Seattle: Stories of Exile and Belonging - 2003 - by Gary Atkins

Pennsylvania Lesbian and Gay Task Force Retrospective: 1978-2000.

New Orleans

Timeline of LGBT history in Canada (Wikipedia). - History of the Gay Liberation Movement in Canada (1970s and 1980s). - The 1981 Toronto bathhouse riots (2011). - Edmonton’s gay history tour sheds light on gossip, old wounds and achievements (2012). - The first gay protest in Canada: 1971. - New Canadian exhibition looks at gay maritime life of the post-war years (2011): A new exhibition has opened at The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, Canada, looking into the gay and lesbian subcultures that flourished at sea on passenger cruise ships, naval vessels and freighters from the 1950s onwards.

Histoire de l'homosexualité au Canada (Wikipedia, Translation). - Projet Memoire: Histoires de Fiertés (Translation). -

History of Gay Toronto and birth of Queer West (2012). - Out and Proud: How students, faculty, staff and alumni brought queer activism to the University of Toronto and changed the campus forever (2009).

Manitoba Gay and Lesbian Archives: The formation of the Manitoba Gay and Lesbian Archives is a symbolic culmination of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgendered, Two-spirited, and Queer individuals and organizations recording people’s history. Through this active approach to preservation and self-awareness, an outstanding body of knowledge exists today on the life, literature, art, philosophy and history of the Winnipeg LGBTTQ community dating back to the 1920s.

The Gay Spirit - A Vancouver Canada Gay/Lesbian History Slideshow (1979-2010) (2011, YouTube).

Gay Liberation in Canada: A Socialist Perspective: Published in 1977 by Vanguard Publications, the publishing arm of the League for Socialist Action / Ligue Socialiste Ouvriere. We are reproducing the entire text here. In the original pamphlet, the LSA’s 1976 resolution ("The Socialist Perspective for Gay Liberation") appeared ahead of the 1971 report ("The Gay Movement 1971: A Tentative Assessment"). We have reversed them, so the documents appear in chronological order. We have also corrected obvious typographical errors, and made some minor stylistic changes in the interests of simplifying reading online.

Some of Toronto's more recent GLB history by Rick Bébout: Home Page - On the Origin of The Body Politic - Promiscuous Affections A Life in The Bar, 1969 - 2000 (Table of Contents) - Gay "journalism": What for?

Newsletter of the Canadian Gay Archives No. 1, May 1977: The Canadian Gay Archives is now in its fourth year. It literally grew out of the files of The Body Politic, a national gay liberation journal founded in Toronto in 1971. The newspaper was the recipient of a wide variety of material relating to gay men and lesbians in Canada and beyond its borders. While the paper had no further use for much of the material, its historic value was early recognised. The idea of an "archives" was first suggested by Jearld Moldenhauer, a member of the newspaper collective. Files were gathered together, and the Canadian Gay Liberation Movement Archives was launched. Its formation was announced at the first national gay conference in Quebec City on October 6, 1973, and through an editorial in the Fall 1973 issue of The Body Politic. The archives was first organised by Ron Dayman, who contacted gay groups across the country seeking additional material. Later, Edward Jackson took on the task. Continued expansion of the archives, however, indicated the need for a more formal organisation to ensure its success. In 1975, a collective of six people, separate from The Body Politic Collective, was formed. This marked the beginning of a new kind of autonomy for the archives, which continued to locate at the office of the paper, for reasons of economy and convenience. A statement of purpose was drawn up by the new collective in December, and guidelines for the arrangement of the archives were decided upon. The name was changed to the Canadian Gay Archives, which seemed to better represent what the archives was attempting to do; to gather and preserve the history of gay men and lesbians in Canada, in addition to the gay liberation movement which had its beginnings in this country in 1969.

Books: - The Regulation of Desire: Homo and Hetero Sexualities by Gary Kinsman (Google Books) (Review). - Never Going Back: A History of Queer Activism in Canada - 2002 - by Tom Warner (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - The Canadian War on Queers: National Security as Sexual Regulation - 2010 - by Gary Kinsman, Patrizia Gentile (First 26 Pages) (Review) (Review). - Lesbian and Gay Liberation in Canada: A Selected Annotated Chronology, 1964-1975 - 1996 - by Donald W. McLeod (Google Books) (Order Book). - A Brief History of Gay: Canada's First Gay Tabloid, 1964-1966 - 2003 - by Donald Wilfred McLeod (Google Books) (Summary) (Review). - One of the Boys: Homosexuality in the Military During World War II - 2004 - by Paul Jackson (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review).


Duder, Karen (2001). The Spreading Depths: Lesbian and Bisexual Women in English Canada, 1910-1965. PhD Dissertation, Department of History, University of Victoria. PDF Download. Download Page.  This dissertation also suggests that women in same-sex relationships before the allegedly more liberal decades of the late twentieth century may actually have had slightly better relationships with families of origin than would later be the case. Greater adherence to notions of duty and obligation, fewer economic opportunities enabling women to live independently of family, the lack of a publicly available discourse of pathology with which families could define and reject their wayward daughters, and the lack of later notions of “alternative” lesbian families and community meant that many remained rather closer to their families than would lesbians after 1965.

Maynard, Steven (2004). "Hell Witches in Toronto" Notes on Lesbian Visibility in Early-Twentieth-Century Canada. Left History,  9(2): 191-205. PDF Download. These rich sources reveal the inner thoughts and feelings of women attracted to other women, and they give us glimpses into the early-twentieth-century bohemian milieux and professional ranks that could nourish same-sex relations among well-educated and well-travelled white women.' Still, those interested in recovering the lesbian past often lament the lack of sources like the legal records relied upon by gay historians to reconstruct the history of gay male identities and subcultures. Karen Duder, one of the few to explore the terrain of lesbian history in Canada prior to World War Two, explains that "the dearth of information is hardly surprising given the limited availability of lesbians' personal records and the equally limited purview of the state in the area of lesbian ~exuality."B~u t personal papers and state-generated documents are only two possible sources. In the following research report, I want to draw attention to a small but significant cache of articles from the early tabloid press that not only signals the potential of print media in lesbian historical research but also calls into question some of our assumptions about lesbian history in pre-World War Two Canada.

Chamberland L, Garneau C (2008). Entrevue avec Ross Higgins, anthropologue et cofondateur des Archives gaies du Québec. Bulletin d’histoire politique, 16(3). Full Text. Translation. Tu as cofondé les Archives gaies du Québec avec Jacques Prince en 1983. Peux-tu nous rappeler le contexte? D’abord, c’était pour concurrencer Toronto, qui avait déjà ses Archives. Quelqu’un avait proposé d’y envoyer les documents du collectif de la librairie L’Androgyne où je travaillais[1]. Je ne voyais pas l’intérêt pour les Montréalais, qui auraient dû aller jusqu’à Toronto pour les consulter. J’avais déjà commencé à parler de la nécessité de créer des Archives ici, notamment avec Jacques Prince, qui voulait se former en bibliothéconomie. Il a trouvé l’idée bonne... Les gais et lesbiennes sont-ils plus sensibilisés à la nécessité de préserver la mémoire ou le contraire, vu que la société valorise tellement le présent? Il y a une détérioration, les gens sont moins conscients de ce qui a été. Je suis bien là… pourquoi regarder un passé plein de troubles? ... Comment vois-tu le développement de l’historiographie gaie maintenant? Y a-t-il une relève? Je ne suis pas sûr de savoir tout ce qui se fait, mais j’ai l’impression qu’il y en a très peu, en histoire, en sociologie. Il y a du matériel qui existe, il y a des questions intéressantes. Ce qui est urgent, selon moi, c’est de faire des entrevues, parce que ce qui est sur papier n’est pas ce qu’on vit, ça ne le reflète pas. Dans une société axée sur l’instant, on pense que tout est enregistré, on est tellement bien documenté sur ce qu’on vit, mais on va perdre complètement la finesse de l’expérience que seuls des gens peuvent raconter.

Gentile P, Kinsman G (2008). «Fiabilité», «Risque» et «Résistance»: surveillance au Canada des homosexuels durant la guerre froide. Bulletin d’histoire politique, 16(3). Full Text. Translation. À la fin des années 1950 et au début des années 1960, l’approche en matière de classifications d’emploi des services de sécurité publique visait à perturber la vie quotidienne de centaines de lesbiennes et de gays[2] au pays. Parmi ceux-ci, nombreux ont perdu leur emploi au sein de la fonction publique ou de l’armée tandis que d’autres ont subi une rétrogradation ou ont dû accepter des postes dont les tâches comportaient un caractère moins confidentiel. Dans le contexte de la guerre froide, on attribuait une moralité douteuse aux gays et aux lesbiennes, ce qui les rendaient supposément plus vulnérables au chantage et à la subversion de la part d’agents soviétiques[3]. La GRC a recensé les noms de milliers de personnes qui étaient soupçonnées d’être homosexuelles. Le gouvernement a également financé et encouragé la recherche afin de trouver des moyens de déterminer l’orientation sexuelle d’une personne donnée. Cet article évoque les principaux aspects de notre enquête plus approfondie sur les campagnes de sécurité nationale visant les homosexuels au cours de la période couvrant les années 1950 jusqu’à la fin des années 1980. Nous nous sommes basé sur des renseignements de première main qui nous ont été directement transmis par des personnes ayant été congédiées et sur les textes officiels qui régissaient ces mesures[4].

Chenier, Elise (2004). Hidden from Historians: Preserving Lesbian Oral History in Canada. Archivaria 68: 247-269. PDF Download. Download Page. Lesbian history is an important part of Canada’s past but some of the most valuable research material we have is in danger of disappearing. Over the past twenty years Canadian activists and researchers have conducted many oral history interviews with lesbians in Canada, yet only a handful have donated their research material to an archive. Drawing on the findings of a research questionnaire distributed to oral historians, this article shows that a lack of training, an absence of financial resources, and a failure to put in place a plan to donate research material to an archive are three of the most important barriers to preserving lesbian oral history in Canada. The article also describes the Archive of Lesbian Oral History, an international digital archive founded by the author.

Chenier, Elise (2004). Rethinking Class in Lesbian Bar Culture. Living 'The Gay Life' in Toronto, 1955-1965. Left History,  9(2): 85-118. PDF Download. Download Page. When Joji Hazel came to Toronto in the early 1960s, her search for a gay women's bar landed her at the Continental Hotel, a public house long considered home to local bar-going lesbians... Had Hazel never read about lesbian bars, she probably would have been struck by the tough masculine demeanour of many of the women inside. She might have been put off by the constant stream of sex trade workers and johns moving in and out of the ladies' and escorts' room. But after three hours of careful observation, what took her by surprise was how the gay women inside were segregated into two distinct groups... Butch and fem "roles" have long been regarded as a definitive feature of post-World War I1 working-class lesbian culture, but as Hazel discovered, sociability within Toronto's lesbian subculture was tied to a much more complex set of friendship networks that divided women as much as they united them... In contrast, downtowners lived "the gay life." They were a constant presence in the back room of the Continental Hotel's public house, and their daily activities were deeply enmeshed with most every aspect of the social and economic activities of the beer parlour and its surrounding neighbourhood. From the early 1950s until the mid-1960s, to live the 'gay life' was to live in tandem and in tension with the sex and drug trades, local Chinese residents, the police, the courts, and the prison system. Those who did so gave clear expression to their particular location within the community through their rough and ready style. Butch and fem downtowners were identifiable to insiders and outsiders alike: more assertive in staking their claim on physical and social spaces, more willing to challenge conventions concerning sex and gender comportment, and more sexually explicit in their verbal and physical interactions, they comprised a distinct social group of sexual outsiders. Of course, the line that divided the two groups was not immutable. Most downtowners arrived as uptowners, and some women dated and socialized across the "line." However, as "kiki" was to butch and fem, lesbians who sought out and enjoyed the friendship and trust of both groups were the exception to the rule. For the purposes of this article, downtowners can be distinguished as a unique and relatively stable social category. Similar class distinctions among bar-going lesbians were made in other Canadian and American cities as well.

Korinek, Valerie (2010). A Queer-eye view of the prairies: reorienting Western Canadian histories. In: The West and Beyond: New Perspectives on an Imagined Region - 2010 - edited by Alvin Finkel, Sarah Carter, and Peter Fortna (Google Books), pp. 278-296. PDF Download. From author webpage: "Based on papers presented at the conference: The West and Beyond: Historians Past, Present and Future, held at the University of Alberta, 19-21 June, 2008. Here Valerie mentions her book-in-progress, Prairie Fairies.  Conceived as a topic firmly situated in the North American histories of sexuality and gender history literature, it became apparent that the setting, the Prairies, would become a third focal point of the study. Thus, in my essay, I want to offer three individual case studies that illuminate how employing a queer-eye view of the Prairies forces a confrontation with a number of key issues for contemporary Prairie scholars and in so doing, raise some substantial questions about how we imagine, historicize, and mythologize the Prairie West. This research is part of a growing international historiography that implicitly seeks to compare and contrast the diverse experiences of gays and lesbians in international gay metropoles—London, New York, San Francisco, Toronto, and Vancouver—with their counterparts in cities not initially associated with gay and lesbian enclaves and cultural, commercial, or activist activity.4 To date, excellent work has been completed on cities as diverse as Buffalo, Philadelphia, Chicago, Memphis, Portland, Jackson, Mississippi, and Deadwood, South Dakota. 5 While primarily a sexual and cultural history of the Canadian Prairies, this research has benefitted from an international literature concerned with “mapping desire,” to borrow David Bell and Gill Valentine’s term.6 Increasingly, larger coteries of cultural, social, and feminist geographers have theorized extensively about the complexities of writing what Kath Weston calls “the great gay migration of the seventies and eighties.”7 Like studies of lesbians in Grand Rapids, Michigan, or gay people in Minot, North Dakota, my research about Prairie gay and lesbian communities uncovers both urban spaces and communities that few outside of those communities knew existed.

Burton E, Harding B (2011). Hello Sailor! Canadian Edition Oral History Project: A Research Report for the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic, Halifax, Nova Scotia: Final Report. PDF Download. This brief essay reviews the literatures pertaining to the experiences of gay seafarers in the Canadian historical context. It focuses on three particular bodies of historical literature. First, it reviews treatments of gay seafarers and homosexuality within the broader historiography of North Atlantic seafaring. Second, it reveals the lack of scholarly attention to gay seafarers within Canadian gay and lesbian studies. Third, it examines how gay seafarers and homosexual culture at sea have been addressed within the American historiographical context. This essay also highlights how oral research enables scholars to more fully illuminate the experiences of gay sailors and the nature homosexual culture at sea. The essay demonstrates that while homosexuality has been addressed within the general historiography on North Atlantic seafaring, it remains a largely unexplored topic within the Canadian historiographical tradition. However, pioneering studies in the American context offer useful conceptual and methodological models for incorporating the history of gay seafaring culture into the Canadian narratives of seafaring as well as gay and lesbian history. 

Chronology: Mexican Gay History (2002, Alternate Link). - "Vestidas, Locas, Mayates" and "Machos": History and Homosexuality in Mexican Cinema (2005). - Breve historia de la homosexualidad en México hasta fines del siglo XIX (2012, Translation). - “Homosexualidad, dilema, realidad e historia en México“, por Ernesto Zenteno Pineda (2011, Translation). - Historia del movimiento LGBTTTI en México (2012, Translation). - De sométicos y nefandos, una historia de homosexualidad en el México colonial (2010, Translation).

Homosexuality in ancient Mexico (2010). - Transgresiones sexuales en el México antiguo (Translation): Las transgresiones sexuales ocurrieron en el tiempo mítico y en el cotidiano. Dioses y seres humanos infringieron la norma sexual con prácticas incestuosas, adúlteras, homosexuales, entre otras. Las transgresiones en ambos espacios fueron un componente funcional del cosmos. - Historia de la homosexualidad en la Cd. de México (Translation)

Los 41 y la aparición de la homosexualidad en el imaginario colectivo de México (2010, Translation): Los 41 maricones, muy chulos y coquetones. Esta frase aparece en una ilustración de José Guadalupe Posada sobre un episodio de la historia del país que no es tan popular ni ha sido registrado en los libros de texto, pero que vale la pena recordar a propósito de las celebraciones del centenario de la Revolución Mexicana: el baile de los 41. El 18 de noviembre de 1901, la policía de la Ciudad de México llevó a cabo una redada en una residencia de la Calle de la Paz, en la colonia Tabacalera. En ella se celebraba una fiesta a la que asistieron 42 hombres, la mitad de ellos vestidos de mujeres. Cenaban, bebían, bailaban, y fueron detenidos por “dañar las buenas costumbres”. Fueron enviados a Oaxaca y Yucatán donde los condenaron a realizar trabajos forzados.

“Birds of a Feather: Pollos and the Nineteenth-Century Prehistory of Mexican Homosexuality” by Christopher Conway (2009): Carlos Monsivais has attributed the invention of homosexuality to a 1901 police raid on a Mexico City ball in which forty-one men, many of whom were dressed as women, were arrested for indecency. The sensational press that these arrests provoked, including broadsides by the popular engraver and lithographer José Guadalupe Posada, publicly disclosed and disseminated the concept of the abject, effeminate invert. The Forty-One represented a break with the past because Mexican print culture had never before disclosed, acknowledged, or disseminated such transparent images of sexually deviant, effeminate men. Instead, the nineteenth-century print media circulated several ambiguous yet non-sexual stereotypes of effeminate masculinity that were continuous with centuries-old, etymological geneaologies of male effeminacy in Spanish and European culture. In Mexico, such men had many names, including Dandy, Currutaco, and Petimetre, but one of the most prevalent and local labels at mid-century was that of Pollo (Chicken), a type that foreshadowed important aspects of the sensationalist stereotypes of the Joto and Marica that burst into print literature in 1901.

Stephen, Lynn (2002). Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca. Latin American Perspectives, Issue 123, 29(2): 41-59. PDF Download. Extract.  The southern Mexican state of Oaxaca provides a cross-section of the multiple gender relations and sexual behaviors and roles that coexist in modern Mexico.Looking at contemporary gender and sexuality in two Zapotec towns highlights the importance of historical continuities and discontinuities in systems of gender and their relationship to class, ethnicity (earlier coded as race), and sexuality.The various sexual roles, relationships, and identities that characterize contemporary rural Oaxaca suggest that instead of trying to look historically for the roots of “homosexuality,” “heterosexuality,” or even the concept of “sexuality,” we should look at how different indigenous systems of gender interacted with shifting discourses of Spanish colonialism, nationalism, and popular culture to redefine gendered spaces and the sexual behavior within them.Clear differences between elites and those on the margins of Mexican society underscore the importance of divisions by class and status. 

Latina Lesbian Literary Herstory (2001): Latina Lesbian Literary Herstory: From Sor Juana to Days of Awe.

A chronology of homosexuality in New Zealand.  - The Hidden History of Homosexual Australia (2005).  - Civil disobedience by the gay and lesbian movements: Paper to second Australian Homosexual Histories conference, Melbourne, November 1999 (Available for Download). Also: Social impact assessment of gay hallmark events: the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Paper to International Association for Impact Assessment conference, Glasgow, June 1999. - Queer History Links (New Zealand). - Lesbians in 1900 Brisbane. - Queer History New Zealand: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender New Zealand History.

A Little Australian History of Homosexuality. -  History of the Australian Bisexual Network and the Bisexual Movement in Australia. - Sydney Gay & Lesbian History Walk Radio Series: It features a virtual audio walk around gay and lesbian Sydney historical sites, broadcast on radio recently in Australia. - A Sydney gaze, the making of gay liberation 25 years of radical writings 1973-1998. - Australian Lesbian and Gay History: Bibliography. - Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives: History Bites. 

Queen City of the South - Melbourne Queer History Radio Series: "This webpage brings you a series of recordings, broadcast on radio in Australia, taking you on a historical tour of gay & lesbian Melbourne. The tour is led by the Australian Lesbian & Gay Archives, who weave their way through the streets of Melbourne, recounting tales of our gay and lesbian forebears. The series, produced by Barry McKay, was first broadcast on JOY FM, Melbourne. The series (23 parts) was put together with information from the Australian Lesbian & Gay Archives, Melbourne.

Willet, Graham (2002). From Camp to Gay: The Homosexual History of the University of Melbourne, 1960 - 1976. Working Paper No. 6, The History of the University Unit, University of Melbourne. PDF Download. It has not always been like this, of course. It was not until the 1960s that homosexuality was discussed in the pages of Farrago and it was not until 1970 that homosexuals began to speak openly for themselves. In this paper, I want to look at the emergence of homosexuality onto the public agenda of the university and at the early years of gay and lesbian activism.1 This is not to suggest, of course, that there is no history of homosexuality as a lived experience to be told. On the contrary. Many of those who I have interviewed, some of whose stories are drawn upon here, had active homosexual lives at the University before the rise of gay activism – and there are many more of these people to be found. But for the most part, the history of homosexuality on campus is a secret history, revealed in brief flashes, as in this letter, for example, to Farrago in 1968...

Moore C, Jamison B (2007). Making the modern Australian homosexual male: Queensland’s criminal justice system and homosexual offences, 1860-1954. Crime, Histoire et Societes, 11(1): 27-54. Full Text. The evidence indicates that the police carefully chose the possible range of charges to ensure convictions, targeted various age groups, manipulated the evidence, and tried to control the emerging gay subculture.  However, the sentences, although still severe were lenient within the possible range, and show that the judges were aware that male homosexuality was not such an “abominable crime”.  During the twentieth century, the legal system attempted to understand homosexuality and moderated sentences accordingly.  The findings help locate the timing of the emergence of the modern Australian male homosexual, when erotic categories are reorganized, gender and gender roles loose significance for categorizing sexual acts, and sexual object choice becomes detached from gender identity, allowing men to be homosexual while maintaining normative behaviour patterns. 

Bibliography -of writings about the history of same-sex desire and activity in Australia (1999).

Books: - Homophobia: An Australian History - 2008 - by Shirleene Robinson (Google Books) (Review) (Book  Launch Information) (Review). - Mates & Lovers: A History of Gay New Zealand - 2008 - by Chris Brickell (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Related Play, Theatre Review, Theatre Review) (YouTube, 2012). - Living out Loud: A History of Gay and Lesbian Activism in Australia - 2000 - by Graham Willett (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Closets Are For Clothes: A History of Gay Australia - 2010 - by Rachel Cook (Google Books) (Review). 

Homosexuality in Ancient Africa (2010). - The Truth About Homosexuality in Africa (2009, Part 1): Parts 2, 3, 4, 5. - Homosexuality in Pre-Colonial and Ancient Africa. - Homosexuality in Prehistoric Africa. - Afrique: Quand l'homosexualité était rituelle (2010, Translation): Un sociologue explique comment, avant la colonisation, la sodomie était pratiquée dans les rites de passage de certaines ethnies. - Une histoire de l'homosexualité en Afrique est-elle possible ? (Translation). - Mapping Our Histories: A Visual History of Black Lesbians in Post-Apartheid South Africa (2009).

Ugandan Documentary Eplores Pre-Colonial Gays (2012): It also explores the traditional covenants, referred to as ‘okutta omukago’ (making covenants), made by same-sex couples to cement their relationships. The film notes that most of gay pre-colonial history in Africa has been lost and what was recorded was done so by European colonisers and missionaries.

Thanks to the efforts of a group of Norwegian researchers…: "... homosexual behaviour amongst members of a tribe in the north of Namibia, a tribe that has not been influenced by Christianity. In the same vein, the American  psychologist Marc Carlson unearthed powerful evidence pointing towards similar practices amongst no less than 48 tribes in Zimbabwe. Not to mention the ubiquitous mineworker’s marriages, or the liberated sexual behaviour prevalent amongst followers of gang leader Nongoloza at the beginning of this century, or the traditionally sanctioned Venda system of female marriages, or the caresses that the young shepherds of the Botswana bushveld heap on each other….You see! - African Art: Traditional. - L’homosexualité au Buganda, une acculturation peut en cacher une autre (1999, Translation)

Homosexuality in pre-colonial Kenya (2010). - Homosexual History in Africa - Zande Warriors (2011): These warriors were featured on a show on Spike-TV in 2010 “Deadliest Warrior: Aztec Jaguar vs Zande Warrior”.  It showcased their ferocity, weaponry and fighting skills (clip is below).  Of course what they may not have known is that in the not so distant past, these warriors not only practiced homosexuality and bi-sexuality but actually married boys or young men. Warriors would select a boy between the ages of 12-20 years of age and go to his parents and request the boys hand in marriage.  The warrior would have to pay a bride price for the boy which would be in the form of spears (which are still valuable today) and other goods.  Once married the warrior referred to the boy’s parents as gbiore and negbiore…”father-in-law and mother-in-law”.  He and the boy addressed one another as badiare “my love or my lover”.  The boy took on house hold responsibilities that included fetching water, building a fire and holding the warrior shield when traveling.  The two slept together at night and the warrior would satisfy his sexual desires between the boy’s thighs.  It was the duty of the warrior husband to give his boy-wife a spear and shield when he became of age.  He was then trained to become a warrior and joined the warrior company.  Once a warrior, he then took on a boy-wife of his own.  This was all documented and later published by English anthropologist E.E. Evans-Pritchard in early 20th century.

Blackwood, Evelyn (2004). Conference Report: The Women’s Same-Sex Forum and African Women’s Life History Project of Sex and Secrecy: The 4th Conference of the International Association for the Study of Sexuality, Culture, and Society. Johannesburg, South Africa, June 22-25. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 1(1): 104-107. PDF Download. In addition to the many excellent presentations on these topics, two forums specifically addressed lesbian sexualities, the Women’s Same-Sex Forum and the African Women’s Life History Project. Since the 1st international meeting of IASSCS, Saskia Wieringa, a Dutch anthropologist, feminist, and activist - and the new president of IASSCS - initiated and organized a women’s same-sex forum to ensure that lesbian voices are represented in the association and at the conferences. The forum consists of a set of panels oriented to topics addressing lesbian identities, sexualities, and health practices. Papers presented in the women’s same-sex forum in Melbourne, Australia (2001) specifically focused on lesbian and female transgender practices in Asia. With the addition of relevant papers from the Johannesburg forum, these papers will be published in a volume edited by Saskia Wieringa, Abha Bhaiya, and Evelyn Blackwood.

Field of Sexuality Studies: What Is It? (2004): Categories such as ‘heterosexual’ or ‘homosexual’ or ‘bisexual’ as defined in Western societies do not necessarily carry the same meaning elsewhere... With all these questions in mind, we were reminded of pre-colonial practices such as that of the Azande of Sudan, whose un-married warriors were once expected to take ‘boy wives’ from age-grades lower than themselves. How could we explain the ‘yan dandu cross-dressers amongst the Nigerian Hausa who have sex with men, or the seemingly bisexual gordjiguene, well known amongst the Wolof of Senegal? What about the practice of bukhontxana on the mines in South Africa or kunyenga amongst contemporary street-boys in Tanzania, are there no historical or cultural antecedents? As is the case throughout the world, increasing research on sexuality in Africa is showing that Africans have had, and continue to have a very rich and diverse experience of human sexuality... Acknowledging the Western and Victorian-era roots of the study of sexuality is important for imagining the future direction of this growing field. The historic legacy still impacts on the way we conceptualise, interpret and write about sexuality around the world. A good example here is the study of sexual exchange practices sometimes called ‘transactional sex’. Reference to the western-derived notion of ‘prostitution’ has provided the most common starting point for our research on this topic during the past quarter century. Exchanges where cash or kind are given in return for sexual favours have been largely conceived within the narrow confines of Victorian-inspired assumptions that link sex to money to immorality to social pathology. Today the term ‘prostitution’ conjures up all those historic meanings. For scholars like myself who try to write about contemporary sexual exchanges, especially in the African context of women’s poverty and economic dependence on men, we are greatly hampered by limited and inappropriate vocabulary that is the product of Victorian-era sexology. Such dilemmas should serve to alert us to the need for Afro-centric conceptual frames for understanding sexuality, and to motivate us to develop more culturally sensitive ways of engaging with sexual phenomena...

Homosexualité en Afrique Noire 2 (Translation): De manière générale, les rapports sexuels entre les individus (femmes ou hommes) de même sexe ont un nom générique en dehors des pratiques spécifiques dans lesdits rapports. Cette réalité est ainsi désignée dans certaines langues locales par : dan kashili (haoussa), masu harka, mke-si-mume (kiswahili), kuswerana nk’imbwa, kunonoka (kirundi), quimbandas. Le rôle sexuel ambivalent que ce soit le rôle insertif ou réceptif à la fois où à tour de rôle est aussi connu, il est alors désigné dans d’autres langues omututa (wawihé). Les relations interfémorales ne sont pas en reste, otjizenja (wawihé). Cependant, tout cela ne permet toujours pas d’établir un lien entre ces termes et l’homosexualité identitaire. Dans une certaine mesure, il apparaît plutôt que ce sont les homosexualités qui sont plutôt désignés, plus précisément, la forme « entendido » espagnole... « Homosexualité » en Afrique : construction historique ... Pratiques homosexuelles à travers les classes d’âge : les jeux érotiques chez les jeunes garçons .... Les premières expériences homosexuelles se font parmi les garçons, parfois issus de la même famille, ce qui a pour but d’accroître la confiance au sein des parties prenantes ... « Homosexualité » dans les rites initiatiques ... « Homosexualité » en l’absence d’hommes et/ou de femmes ...

Essien K, Aderinto s (2009). "Cutting the Head of the Roaring Monster": Homosexuality and Repression in Africa. African Study Monographs, 30(3): 121-135. PDF Download. PDF Download.

Behind the Mask (Archive Link), a non-profit website magazine on gay and lesbian affairs in Africa, was launched at 8 May 2000. This independent project of the Gay and Lesbian Archives of South Africa (GALA) is funded by the Humanist Institution for Development Co-operation (HIVOS), the Heinrich Boehl Foundation and the Netherlands Institute on Southern Africa.

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Search for Free Papers / Book Reviews: - All Papers are free at BioMed Cental (Open Access) & PubMed Central. - HighWire Press (Numerous Free Papers).  eScholarship Repository:  University of California, e-books, journals and peer-reviewed documents. - DSpace Eprints: Australian National University. - DSpace@MIT. - Virginia Tech: Digital Library / Archives. - eScholarship: U of California. - University of Southampton CiteBase. - Eprints: University of Nottingham. - T-Space at The University of Toronto Libraries.  - NTUR, National Taiwan University. - Allacademic: Some free papers to either read online or download as PDFs. -  UNESCO: Articles, Report, Dissertations, Films, etc. - Kyoto University Research Information Repository. - Doctoral dissertations and other publications from the University of Helsinki. - E-LIS: eprints in Library & Information Services. - CogPrints: eprints. - RePEc: Research Papers in Economics. - DiVa: Scandinavian University Documents. - The International Gay & Lesbian Review (IGLR): Book Reviews & Abstracts. - InterAlia, a peer-edited scholarly journal for queer theory. 

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Search for Papers, with Abstract Available (Some May Be Free): The National Library of Medicine (Free papera are highlighted). Abstracts from searches are available at: ERIC: The Education Resources Information Center (Many Free Documents). - Informaworld. - Oxford Journals (Some Open Access Content). - Springer Journals (Some Open Access Content). - ScienceDirect Journals. - University of California Press Journals on Caliber. - IngentaConnect. - Project Muse. - JSTOR: The Scholarly Journal Archive. - Wiley Interscience. - Cambridge Journals Online: Follow Link. - Sage Journals. - Palgrave Macmillan Journals. - Emerald E-journals. - University of Chicago Journals. - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Journals. - HeinOnline (Access Free Content, Law Papers). - SSRN: Social Science Research Network.

Search for Free Theses / Dissertations, May Include Papers: Library & Archives Canada, Electronic Free Theses Download. - Virginia Tech: Electronic Theses and Dissertations. - DSpace@MIT. - Electronic Theses & Dissertations BYU. - OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) Center & Worldwide ETD Index. - Australasian Digital Theses Program (Abstracts Given & Free Downloads). - Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Abstracts). - PQDTOpen Dissertations (Abstracts & Free Downloads: ProQuest). DART-Europe: Free Access to European Doctoral Theses. - The British Library's EThOS service (British Doctoral Theses Abstracts). - DORAS: Free Theses,  Ireland. - TEL (thèses-en-ligne). - DiVa: Scandinavian Theses / Other Documents. - BORA: Open Archive, University of Bergen, Norway.  - Doctoral dissertations and other publications from the University of Helsinki. - LUP: Lund University Publications. - National Cheng Kung University Institutional Repository. - HKU Scholars Hub. - Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertacoes (BDTD), Brazil. - OAIster: a union catalog of available digital resources. Free papers also available - OpenThesis.org.

Full Text Articles / Papers / Studies / Reports (and/or Abstracts):

Abdur-Rahman,  Aliyyah (2006). "The strangest freaks of despotism": queer sexuality in Antebellum.  African American slave narratives. African American Review, 40(2): 223-237. Full Text N/A. First Page. Also in: Against the Closet: Black Political Longing and the Erotics of Race - 2012 - by Aliyyah Abdur-Rahman. Contents / Introduction..

Adams-Thies, Brian L (2007). Perimeters, performances and perversity: The creation and success of a gay community in Madrid, Spain. PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona. Abstract. PDF Download.

Amer, Sahar  (2009). Medieval Arab Lesbians and Lesbian-Like Women. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 18(2): 215-236. PDF Download.

Andits, Eszter (2010). "Sore on the Nation's Body": Repression of Homosexuals Under Italian Facism. Master's of Arts Dissertation, History Department, Central European University. PDF Download.

Arkins, Brian (1994). Sexuality in Fifth-Century Athens. Classics Ireland, 1. Full Text. Full Text. Full Text. Portuguese Translation: Sexualidade em Atenas no Século V: PDF Download.

Arrivo, Nicholas Martin (2005). Selling Sexuality: A Critical Genealogy of Homosexuality and Capital. PDF Download.

Bennett, Judith M (2000). “Lesbian-Like” and the Social History of Lesbianisms. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 9(1/2): 1-24. Abstract. PDF Download.

Bérubé A (2003). The history of gay bathhouses. Journal of Homosexuality, 44(3-4): 33-53. Abstract. PDF Download.

Bialystok, Sandra (2008). The Cuckold, His Wife, and Her Lover: A Study of Infidelity in the Cent nouvelles nouvelles, the Decameron, and the Libro de buen amor. PhD Dissertation, Centre for Comparative Literature, University of Toronto. Abstract. PDF Download.

Blain, Virginia (1996). ‘Michael Field, the Two-headed Nightingale’: lesbian text as palimpsest. Women's History Review, 5(2). PDF Download N/A. First Page Excerpt.

Blank, Paula (2009). The Proverbial “Lesbian”: Queering Etymology in Contemporary Critical Practice. Modern Philosophy, 109(1). Full Text.

Bao, Hongwei (2010). The Word That Dares Not Speak Its Name: Sexuality, Space and the Chinese Other. PDF Download. Other Articles / Papers.

Boag P (2004). Does Portland Need a Homophile Society? Gay Culture and Activism in the Rose City between World War II and Stonewall. Oregon Historical Quarterly, 105(1).  Full Text. First Page Excerpt.

Bonnet, Marie-Jo (1998). De l'émancipation amoureuse des femmes dans la cité. Les Temps Modernes, 598: 85-112. Full Text. Full Text.

Boone, Marc (1996). State power and illicit sexuality: the persecution of sodomy in late medieval Bruges. Journal of Medieval History, 22(2): 135–153. Abstract.  PDF Download.

Boyd, David Lorenzo (1993). On Lesbian and Gay/Queer Medieval Studies. Medieval Feminist Forum, 15(1): 12-15. Introduction. PDF Download. 

Braukman, Stacy (2001). "Nothing Else Matters But Sex": Cold war narratives of deviance and the search for lesbian teachers in Florida, 1959-1963. Feminist Studies, 27(3): 553-74. Full Text N/A. First Page Excerpt.

Brooks, Ross (2008). Vices Once Adopted': Theorising Male Homoeroticism in German-Language Legal and Forensic Discourses, 1752-1869. Reinvention: a journal of undergraduate research, 1(2). Full Text. 

Brown, Amelia R. (2007). Painting the Bodiless: Angels and Eunuchs in Byzantine Art and Culture. Paper presented at the 4th Conference on Sex & Sexuality. PDF. (Project Archives N/A).

Brown, Judith C (1986). A Lesbofobia através dos tempos. PDF Download. Translation.

Brown, Judith C (1984). Lesbian Sexuality in Renaissance Italy: The Case of Sister Benedetta Carlini. Signs, 9: 751-758. PDF Download. Related.

Burns R (2007). On the limits of culture: why biology is important in the study of Victorian sexuality. PhD Dissertation. Georgia State University. PDF Download. Download Page.  PDF Download.

Burton E, Harding B (2011). Hello Sailor! Canadian Edition Oral History Project: A Research Report for the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic, Halifax, Nova Scotia: Final Report. PDF Download.

Camp, Briana  (2012). Negative Attitudes Toward “Molly” Subculture in Eighteenth Century London: An Analysis of Textual Agencies Regarding the Emerging Gay Community. Paper presented at: (1) the Mid-America Humanities Conference in Interdisciplinary Studies at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, March 9-10, 2012; and (2) the Social History Society Annual Conference at the University of Brighton, in Brighton, England, UK, April 3-5, 2012. PDF Download.

Canfield. Liz (2010). Locating the Queer in Postcolonial/Decolonial Discourse: A Bibliographic Essay. PDF Download.

Cardon, Patrick (1999). Histoire d'une Revue: Le Fléau Social (France, 1972-1974). Le Mariage des Situs et des Pédés. Full Text. Translation.

Cardon, Patrick (1989). Marc-André Raffalovitch, un pionnier de l'“homoliberté.” Octobre, Gai Pied Hebdo.  Full Text. Translation.

Chamberland L, Garneau C (2008). Entrevue avec Ross Higgins, anthropologue et cofondateur des Archives gaies du Québec. Bulletin d’histoire politique, 16(3). Full Text. Translation.

Chehardy, Kimberly N (1999/2000). ‘Wickedness Breaks Forth’: The Crime Of Sodomy In Colonial New England. The Student Historical Journal, 1999-2000 Academic Year. Download Page. Full Text. 

Chenier, Elise (2004). Hidden from Historians: Preserving Lesbian Oral History in Canada. Archivaria 68: 247-269. PDF Download. Download Page.

Chenier, Elise (2004). Rethinking Class in Lesbian Bar Culture. Living 'The Gay Life' in Toronto, 1955-1965. Left History,  9(2): 85-118. PDF Download. Download Page.

Chiang, Howard Hsueh-Hao (2009). Double Alterity and the Global Historiography of Sexuality: China, Europe, and the Emergence of Sexuality as a Global Possibility. e-pistene, 2(1): 33-52. PDF Download. Download Page. PDF Download.

Chiang, Howard Hsueh-Hao (2008). Effecting science, affecting medicine: homosexuality, the Kinsey reports, and the contested boundaries of psychopathology in the United States, 1948-1965. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 44(4): 300-18. PDF Download N/A. Abstract.

Chiang, Howard Hsueh-Hao (2007). Epistemic Gender, Sex Beyond the Flesh: Science, Medicine, and the Two-Sex Model in Modern America. eSharp, 9. PDF Download.

Chrisinger, David (2011). “Homosexual and German: Identity and Survival by Subterfuge in Hitler’s Germany”. Paper presented at the 10th International Holocaust Studies Conference, October 19-22. Full Text.

Cooper A (2006). Pathological Reproduction: The Emergence of Homosexuality through Nineteenth-Century Gothic Fictions. In: Gothic Realities: The Impact of Horror Fiction on Modern Culture - 2010 - by L. Andrew Cooper (Google Books).  PDF Download.

Crompton, Louis (1997). Male Love and Islamic Law in Arab Spain. Chapter 8, Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature - 1997 - edited by Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe. 

Crompton, Louis (1980-81). The myth of lesbian impunity: capital laws from 1270 to 1791. Journal of Homosexuality, 6(1/2): 11-25. Abstract. PDF Download.

Crompton, Louis (1976). Homosexuals and the Death Penalty in Colonial America. Journal of Homosexuality, 1(3): 277-293. Abstract. PDF Download.

Čvorović, Jelena (2006). Islamic homosexuality. Antropologija 1: 85-103. PDF Download.

Dasgupta, Rohit K (2011). Queer Sexuality: A Cultural Narrative of India’s Historical Archive. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 3(4): 651-670. PDF Download.

Davidson GR (2001). Liberation, Commodity Culture and Community in 'the Golden Age of Promiscuity'. Australian Humanities Review, (23). Full Text. 

Dean, Carolyn J (2000-01). Speculations on Privacy, Identity, and the History of Sexuality in France. Working Paper Series in European Studies, 4(1). PDF Download.

Dennis, David Brandon (2005). Coming out into socialism: the emergence of a political Schwulsein in the German Democratic Republic. Master's Dissertation, Ohio State University. PDF Download. Download Page.

de Vries, Swaeske(2011). (Un)Natural Love: Homosexuality in Late Medieval English Literature: Langland, Chaucer, Gower, and the Gawain Poet. Master's Dissertation, Faculteit der Letteren, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Introduction / Download Page. PDF Download.

Diamond, Milton (2004). Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai‘i: A Sexological Ethnography. Revista Española del Pacifico, 16: 37-58. Full Text. Download Page.

Dinshaw, Carolyn (1999). Queer Relations: Plenary Address. Essays in Medieval Studies, 16: 79-94. Full Text. Download Page.

Dinshaw, Carolyn (1992). The Heterosexual Subject of Chaucerian Narrative. Medieval Feminist Newsletter, 13(1): 8-10. Download Page. Download Page. PDF Download.

Doan, Laura (!998). Passing fashions: reading female masculinities in the 1920s. Feminist Studies, 24(3): 663-700. Full Text N/A.

Douglas, Eduardo de Jesus (1998). The colonial self: homosexuality and mestizaje in the art of Nahum B. Zenil. Art Journal, September 22. 8 pages. Full Text N/A.  Full Text N/A. Excerpt. Excerpt. Full text.

Drescher J (2010). Queer diagnoses: parallels and contrasts in the history of homosexuality, gender variance, and the diagnostic and statistical manual. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(2): 427-460. Abstract. PDF Download.

Dubé, Joseph (2007). Boy, Oh Boy: Homoeroticism in the Ancient Greek Novel. PDF Download.

Duder, Karen (2001). The Spreading Depths: Lesbian and Bisexual Women in English Canada, 1910-1965. PhD Dissertation, Department of History, University of Victoria. PDF Download. Download Page.

Eisenberg, Daniel (2006). Homosexuality in the Spanish Renaissance. (To be published in Siting Queer Masculinities, 1550-1800, ed. Katherine O’Donnell and Michael O’Rourke.) - - Queer Masculinities, 1550-1800: Siting Same-Sex Desire in the Early Modern World - 2006 - edited by Katherine O'Donnell, Michael O'Rourke. PDF Download.

Eisenberg. Daniel (1999). “La Escondida Senda”: Homosexuality in Spanish History and Culture. Published without the title as the Introduction to Spanish Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. A Bio-Critical Sourcebook, ed. David William Foster (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999), pp. 1-21. PDF Download.

Elfenbein, Andrew (1998). Stricken Deer: Secrecy, Homophobia, and the Rise of the Suburban Man. Genders Jounal, 27. Full text.

Eskridge Jr., William N (1993). A History of Same Sex Marriage. Virginia Law Review, 79(7): 1419-1513. Download Page. PDF Download.

Espinaco-Virseda, Angeles (2004). “I feel that I belong to you”: Subculture, Die Freundin and Lesbian Identities in Weimar Germany. spacesofidentity, 4(1):  83-113. PDF Download.

Foote, Learned (2011). Homosexual Democracy in America: Political Ideology and Organization in the Mattachine, 1950-1954. Honors Dissertation, Columbia University. PDF Download. Download Page.

Fox, Carly (2012). Articulating Sexuality: A Critical History of Gay and Lesbian Anthropology. SOCS 461/462 Senior Project, California Polytechnic State University. PDF Download.

Franklin, Robert (2011). Warm Brothers in the Boomtowns of Hell: The Persecution of Homosexuals in Nazi Germany. Hohonu: a Journal of Academic Writing, 9. PDF Download. 

Freedman EB (1998). "The Burning of Letters Continues": Elusive Identities and the Historical Construction of Sexuality. Journal of Women's History, 9(4), 181-200. Full text.

Galán, José Ignacio Pichardo (2003). Same sex couples in Spain. Historical, contextual and symbolic factors. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. PDF Download.

Garber, Linda (2005). Where in the World Are the Lesbians? Journal of the History of Sexuality, 14(1/2): 28-50. Reference/Excerpt. PDF Download.

Garcia, J Neil C (2004). Male Homosexuality in the Philippines: a short history. IIAS Newsletter # 35, 12-13.  PDF Download.

Gentile P, Kinsman G (2008). «Fiabilité», «Risque» et «Résistance»: surveillance au Canada des homosexuels durant la guerre froide. Bulletin d’histoire politique, 16(3). Full Text. Translation.

Gray, Sally (2007). [You make me Feel] Mighty Real - David McDiarmid’s art and the space within [the] House. Queer Space: Centres and Peripheries Conference, UTS 2007. PDF Download.

Guy, Peter D. T. (2006). The Bishop and the Nightie: Sexual Dissent in the Fiction of John Broderick. Paper presented at the 3rd Conference on Sex & Sexuality. PDF:  333-343. (Project Archives).

Halperin, David M (1989). Is There a History of Sexuality? History and Theory, 28(3): 257-274. PDF Download. PDF Download.

Halsall, Paul (1988). The Experience of Homosexuality in the Middle Ages. Full text.

Hansen B (2002). Public careers and private sexuality: some gay and lesbian lives in the history of medicine and public health. American Journal of Public Health, 92(1):36-44. Abstract. PDF Download.

Hanson, Justin Nicholas (2011). Inside The Body Politic: Examining the Birth of Gay Liberation. Honors Research Dissertation, English Department, Ohio State University. PDF Download. Download Page.

Harris SE (2003). Military Male Rape, Homophobia, and Gay History. Full text.

Hekma, Gert (1999). Homosexuality in "Traditional" Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South Africa: An Overview. Download Page. Full Text.

Hekma G (----). The Amsterdam Bar Culture And Changing Gay/Lesbian Identities. Full Text. Download Page. 

Hemmilä, Anita (2005). Ancestors of Two-Spirits: Representations Of Native American Third-Gender Males In Historical Documentation: A Critical Discourse Analysis in Anthropology. Graduate Dissertation, University of Jyväskylä. PDF Download. Download Page.

Hilliard, David (1982). UnEnglish and Unmanly: Anglo-Catholicism and Homosexuality. Victorian Studies,Winter: 181-210. PDF Download.

Human Rights Watch (2008). This Alien Legacy: The Origins of “Sodomy” Laws in British Colonialism. New York, New York: Human Rights Watch. PDF Download. PDF Download.

Huot, Sylvia (1992). Addressing the Issue of Lesbianism in a General Course on Women in the Middle Ages. Medieval Feminist Newsletter, 13(1): 10-11. PDF Download N/A.

Jackson PA (1996). The Persistence of Gender: From Ancient Indian Pandakas to Modern Thai Gay-Quings.  Australian Humanities Review. Full text.

Johnson, Dominique (2007). ‘This Is Political!’ Negotiating the Legacies of the First School-Based Gay Youth Group. Children, Youth and Environments 17(2): 380-387. PDF Download.

Johnson MW (2002). Homosexuality: The Essence of Nazism (Part I). The Geopolitical Stategists, 28(3). PDF Download.

Jacques, Fabien (2002). De L’homme-femme à l’homophobie: étude de l’inversion dans Sodome et Gomorrhe de Marcel Proust. Mémoire présenté pour l’obtention du grade de licencié en langues et littératures romanes, sous la direction de M. Jean-Louis Tilleuil. PDF Download.

Jean. Aymar (2006). ‘The Barbary Coast in a Barbarous Land’: Policing Vice in San Francisco in Two Eras of Morality. University of Michigan: Michigan Journal of History. PDF Download.

Johansson W,  Percy WA (1995?). Homosexuality in the Middle Ages.  Full Text.  Full Text. Download Page.

Johnson, David K (2010). Physique Pioneers: The Politics of 1960s Gay Consumer Culture. Journal of Social History, 43(4): 867-892. Abstract. PDF Download.

Johnston, Craig (1999). Civil disobedience by the gay and lesbian movements: fashion, media, glamor? (notes from an investigation, or an archeology of tactics). Paper presented at the second Australian Homosexual Histories conference, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 19 November. Download Page. PDF Download.

Karras, Ruth Mazo (2000). Active/Passive, Acts/Passions: Greek and Roman Sexualities. The American Historical Review, 105(4): 1250-1265. Full Text.

Kennedy, Hubert (1997). Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: First Theorist of Homosexuality. In: Science and Homosexualities, ed. Vernon Rosario (pp. 26-45). New York: Routledge, 1997 (Google Books). PDF Download.

Khalil. Mohammad  (2009). An Unknown Aspect in the Life of Al-Jahiz. Al-Qasemi Magazine, 1: 33-55. PDF Download. Download Page.

Kim YG, Hahn SJ (2006). Homosexuality in ancient and modern Korea. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 8(1): 59-65. PDF Download. Download Page.

King, Jeff (2003). Utopia and Castration: How to Read the History of Homosexuality. Genders OnLine Journal, 38. Full Text.

King M, Smith G, Bartlett A (2004). Treatments of homosexuality in Britain since the 1950s--an oral history: the experience of professionals. BMJ, 328(7437): 429. Full Text. PDF Download.

Knowles, Jeremy Joseph (2009). An Investigation into the Relationship Between Gay Activism and the Establishment of a Gay Community in Birmingham, 1967-97. Master's Dissertation, Department of Modern History, University of Birmingham. PDF Download.

Konnoth C (2009). Created in Its Image: The Race Analogy, Gay Identity, and Gay Litigation in the 1950s-1970s. Yale Law Journal, 119(2): 316-372. PDF Download. PDF Download.

Korinek, Valerie (2010). A Queer-eye view of the prairies: reorienting Western Canadian histories. In: The West and Beyond: New Perspectives on an Imagined Region - 2010 - edited by Alvin Finkel, Sarah Carter, and Peter Fortna (Google Books), pp. 278-296. PDF Download.

Krickler, Kurt (2008). Homosexuals in Austria: Nazi persecution and the long struggle for rehabilitation. Working Paper Series Number 12, The Canadian Centre for German and European Studies/Le Centre canadien d’études allemandes et européennes. PDF Download.

Krueger, Derek (2011). Between Monks: Tales of Monastic Companionship in Early Byzantium. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 20(1): 28-61. Download Page. PDF Download.

Lagrange, Frédéric (2000). Male Homosexuality in Modern Arabic Literature. In: Ghoussoub, Mai and Emma Sinclair-Webb, Eds. Imagined Masculinities: Male Identity and Culture in the Modern Middle East, pp. 169-198. PDF Download.

Lagrange, Joseph (2003). Sexualities and Queer Studies. PDF Download.

Lamble, Sarah (2009). Unknowable bodies, unthinkable sexualities: lesbian and transgender legal invisibility in the Toronto women's bathhouse raid. Social & Legal Studies 18(1): 111-130. PDF Download.

Le Coney C, Trodd Z (2006). John Wayne and the Queer Frontier: Deconstructions of the Classic Cowboy Narrative during the Vietnam War. Americana: The journal of American Popular culture (1900 to present), 5(1). Full text. 

Lesselier, Claudie (1998). Formes de résistances et d’expression lesbiennes dans les années cinquante et soixante en France. Full Text. From Séminaire Gai: Table of Contents for Articles.

Leung M-k (2006). Solitude and solidarity : the history of homosexuality in France, 1940s-1980s. Master's Dissertation, Hong Kong University. Download Page.  Note: Must accept agreement before dissertation is accessed.

Loftin, Craig M (2007). Unacceptable Mannerisms: Gender Anxieties, Homosexual Activism, and Swish in the United States, 1945-1965. Journal of Social History, 40(3): 577-596. Full Text.

Lowenthal D (1998).  Fabricating Heritage. History & Memory, 10(1): 5-24. Full Text.

Lybeck, Marti M (2008). Gender, Sexuality, and Belonging: Female Homosexuality In Germany, 1890-1933. 2008 Fritz Stern Dissertation Prize Winner, University Of Wisconsin La Crosse. PDF Download.

Marotta T (2006). What Made Stonewall Different? The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, 13(2).  Full Text.

Martinson RD (1994). Sexual Orientation: The History and Significance of an Idea. Word & World, 14(3): 239-245. PDF Download.

Master, John  (2006). “All the License They Want”: Homophiles Debate the Makings of a Good Citizen. Paper presented at the 3rd Conference on Sex & Sexuality. PDF:  169-178. (Project Archives).

Matsugu, Miho  (2010). That Early Morning Fog: William F. Sibley’s Minakata Kumakusu. Paper presented at the William Sibley Memorial Symposium, International House, The University of Chicago, May 8, 2010.  PDF Download.

Maynard, Steven (2004). "Hell Witches in Toronto" Notes on Lesbian Visibility in Early-Twentieth-Century Canada. Left History,  9(2): 191-205. PDF Download.

McCann, Christine A (2010). Transgressing the Boundaries of Holiness: Sexual Deviance in the Early Medieval Penitential Handbooks of Ireland, England and France 500-1000. Master's Dissertation, Seton Hall University. PDF Download. PDF Download. Download Page.

Medicine B (2002). Directions in gender research in American Indian societies: Two spirits and other categories. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 3, Chapter 2). PDF Download.

Milam, Bradley (2010). Gay West Virginia: Community Formation and the Forging of a Gay Appalachian Identity, 1963-1979. Yale University, Department of History. PDF Download.

Mildenberger F (2007). Kraepelin and the ‘urnings’: male homosexuality in psychiatric discourse. History of Psychiatry, 18(3): 321–335. PDF Download.

Minton HL (1995). Deconstructing Heterosexuality: Life Stories From Gay New York, 1935-1941. History of Psychology Newsletter, Fall 1995, Vol. 27(3).  Full text.

Moore C, Jamison B (2007). Making the modern Australian homosexual male: Queensland’s criminal justice system and homosexual offences, 1860-1954. Crime, Histoire et Societes, 11(1): 27-54. Full Text.

Moran Cruz J-A H (1995). The Roman de la Rose and thirteenth-century prohibitions of homosexuality. Paper prepared for the Georgetown University Cultural Studies Conference, "Cultural Frictions." Full text. Download Page.

Morris, Stephen (2003). Are We Queer? Are We Medieval? The Need to Be All Things to All People. Medieval Feminist Forum, 16:9: 25-30. PDF Download. Download Page. 

Muhleisen, Laurent (1997). Les relations amoureuses entre les femmes du XVIe au XXe siècle. Entretien avec Marie-Jo Bonnet, auteur de les Relations amoureuses entre les femmes du xvie au xxe siècle, éditions Odile Jacob, collection « Opus ». La Revue h. Full Text. Translation. PDF Download.

Muriqi, Luljeta  (2007). Homoerotic codes in The Picture of Dorian Gray.  A60 Literary Seminar Spring 2007 Department of English Lund University. PDF Download.

Nilsson, Arne (2006). Cruising the Seas: Male homosexual life on the Swedish American Line 1950-1975. Queer-Scope Articles. PDF Download.

Nownes AJ (2004). The Population Ecology of Interest Group Formation: Mobilizing for Gay and Lesbian Rights in the United States, 1950–98. British Journal of Political Science, 34: 49-67. PDF Download.

Nucci MF, Russo JA (2009). Third sex revisited: homosexuality in the Archives of Sexual Behavior. Physis: Revista de Saúde Coletiva, 19(1): 127-147. English Abstract. PDF Download. Translation.

Nye R (2005). Innovations in Education: Teaching the History of Sexuality. HSS Newsletter. Download Page.  Full text.

Ogrinc, Will HL (2006). Frere Jacques, A Shrine to Love and Sorrow, Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen (1880-1924). Revised and augmented version of the first edition, published in Paidika. The Journal of Paedophilia 3:2 (1994), pp. 30-58. Full Text.  PDF Download.

O'Rourke, Michael (2003). Becoming (Queer) Medieval: Queer Methodologies in Medieval Studies: Where are We Now? Medieval Feminist Forum, 36:6: 9-14. PDF Download. Download Page.

Pastorello, Thierry (2009). Sodome à Paris : protohistoire de l’homosexualité masculine fin XVIIIème - milieu XIXème siècle [Sodom in Paris : protohistory of male homosexuality end XVIIIe - mid nineteenth century]. [Dissertation]Thèse en vue de l’obtention du Doctorat d’histoire, Université Paris Diderot (Paris VII). PDF Download. English Abstract. Download Page & Introduction. Translation.

Perez E (2003). Queering the Borderlands: The Challenges of Excavating the Invisible and Unheard.  Full Text N/A. Excerpt.

Poole S (2007). Bringing great shame upon this city: sodomy, the courts and the civic idiom in eighteenth century Bristol. Urban History, 34(1): 114-126. PDF Download.

Raninen, Sami (2008). Queer Vikings? Transgression of gender and same-sex encounters in the Late Iron Age and early medieval Scandinavia. SQS [Suomen Queer-tutkimuksen Seuran Lehti - Tidskrift för Queerforskning i Finland - Journal of Queer Studies in Finland], 2: 20-29. Download Page. PDF Download. 

Reed C (1996). Imminent domain: queer space in the built environment - We're Here: Gay and Lesbian Presence in Art and Art History. Art Journal, 55(4): 64-70. Full Text.

Ressouni-Demigneux K (1996).  La chair et la fleche: Le regard homosexuel sur saint Sébastien tel qu'il etait representé en Italie autour de 1500. Mémoire de Maîtrise en Histoire de l'Art, Université Paris 1. Full Text. PDF Download.