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A GLBTQ EDUCATION INTERNET RESOURCES HIV & AIDS - Part 1 (Part 2)

Index: - HIV-AIDS -  - Male  Youth Prostitution -  - Homosexuality:  Biological  or  Learned ? -  -  Public School Issues -  - Transgender / Transvestite / Transsexual -  - Lesbian  &  Bisexual Women -  - Homo-Negativity / Phobia -  - Identity Formation  &  Coming Out -  - Counseling  &  Therapy -  - Professional Education  -  - Bisexuality -  - Religion   &  Spirituality -  - Gay & Bisexual Male Suicide Problems -  - Drug / Alcohol Use / Abuse / Addiction  -  - GLBT  History -  - Community Attributes  &  Problems -  -  Couples / Families / Children / Adoption / Spousal Violence -  - The Elderly -  - Race/Ethnic Minority Issues: U.S., Canada, Europe,  New Zealand & Australia -  -  Latin America / Africa -  - Middle East / Asia

HIV - AIDS - 1 & 2

Part 2: - Prisons. - Small Cities & Rural Areas. - Substance Use / Abuse. - Child Sexual Abuse. - Barebacking & Public Sex. - Continuing HIV Epidemic / AIDS related Drugs / Vaccine. - Drug Resistant HIV. - HIV Situation Worldwide. - AIDS & Related Problems. - Internet Resources. - Books. - Full Text Papers.

The Second HIV Infection Wave

A Clue to Why Gays Play Russian Roulette With H.I.V.: Most young gay and bisexual American men who were found to be infected with the AIDS virus in a recent study were unaware of their infection, according to a finding reported recently at the 14th International AIDS Conference in Barcelona by Dr. Duncan MacKellar, an epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study surveyed 5,719 men, ages 15 to 29, of whom 573 were discovered to be H.I.V.-positive. Of those 573 men, 77 percent did not know that they were infected. Despite having engaged in frequent high-risk sex like unprotected anal intercourse, most of these men still believed that they were at low risk of contracting H.I.V.... Still, there is an aspect of this dangerous behavior that has eluded explanation: the strikingly self-destructive nature of unsafe sex. Why would anyone knowingly expose himself to a potentially lethal infection? Gay Men and the Self Destructive Impulse: This paper was delivered at the ‘Men’s health in south London’ conference, at guy’s hospital. - Gay men’s HIV prevention needs ‘shifted to the back burner’, claims UNAIDS. - A third of HIV+ gay men ignorant of their infection: london study.

The effect of partner characteristics on HIV infection among African American men who have sex with men in the Young Men's Survey, Los Angeles, 1999-2000[AIDS Education and Prevention, 15(1 Suppl A): 39-52, 2003 - PubMed Reference]: "Previous studies have documented disparities in HIV prevalence by race among men who have sex with men (MSM), even after adjusting for traditional risk factors." - HIV risk and prevention among Asian/Pacific Islander men who have sex with men: listen to our stories [AIDS Education and Prevention, 15(1 Suppl A): 7-20, 2003 - PubMed Reference]: "Despite increasing need for HIV prevention research and intervention programs, the voices and stories of Asian and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men (API MSM) have remained absent from HIV prevention literature." - Age and race mixing patterns of sexual partnerships among Asian men who have sex with men: implications for HIV transmission and prevention [AIDS Education and Prevention, 15(1 Suppl A): 53-65, 2003 - PubMed Reference]: "Recent studies of U.S. men who have sex with men (MSM) have reported high rates of unprotected anal intercourse but low rates of HIV infection among Asian and Pacific Islander (API) men." - Risk among young gay and bisexual men living with HIV [AIDS Education and Prevention, 15(1 Suppl A): 80-9, 2003 - PubMed Reference]: "The influence of sexual orientation was examined on sexual risk behaviors, disclosure patterns, substance use, and stressful live events among 231 gay and bisexual youth living with HIV. Youth were mainly of ethnic minority heritage: 69.3% were Hispanic, African American, or biracial."

Unsafe sexual practices are common, say US studies (BMJ, 2003) - Doctors fear that rise in infection rates points to a return to unsafe sex (BMJ, 2003). -  Syphilis outbreaks reported in Manchester and Brighton (BMJ, 2000). - Unsafe sexual practices are increasing among gay men in London (BMJ, 2000). - Rate of syphilis is increasing among gay and bisexual men, especially those who have HIV N/A. - Gay Newspaper Kills Critical Stories. - Pushin’ the Limits. - June 15, 2004 - How Do You Know What You Know?: Provocative Gay Men's HIV Prevention Campaign Launches in Ontario June 16th. - The Internet, Sex, & AIDS.

A process of vulnerablelization exacerbates the risk for HIV infection among young gay men (YGM). - Sex, intimacy and power: The lived experiences of young gay men (YGM) in the context of rising HIV infections in Vancouver. - Predictors of HIV seroconversion among young gay men who have sex with men. - Determinants of sexual risk behaviour among young gay and bisexual men: A two-city comparison. - Beliefs about "cum," condoms and intimacy among young gay men (YGM) in the context of rising HIV incidence in Vancouver. - Related Information: The Seminal Truth?: Presented at the 2000 Gay Men's Health Summit.

Search GLBTQ: The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture. - Search BGLAD. - Search the QRD. - Search all GLBT Resource Directories. - Search Google.com. - Search Google Scholar. - Search Google's G:LBT Directory. - MSN Search. - Search findarticles.com: many full text articles and papers.

Academic Searches: Search IngentaConnect: The most comprehensive collection of academic and professional publications. - Search Project Muse: Scholarly Journals Online. - Search JSTOR: The Scholarly Journal Archive. - Search The National Library of Medicine.

Adolescents & Young Adult Males

HIV/AIDS in Adolescence. - Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Estimates and Trends From Four Nationally Representative Surveys (Homosexuality is ignored). - Adolescents and HIV: the 2002 Hopkins HIV Report. - Youth and HIV Expert Issues Call to Action. - Second wave of infection feared. - Many Young Gay Men Do Not Have Safe Sex. - The Facts About Young People and HIV. - The Young and the Restless. - Study: Gay men spreading AIDS at alarming rate. - Big HIV Spread Among Young Gays. - Prévalence du VIH et prises de risques chez les jeunes ayant des rapports homosexuels. - Questions sur la prévention du sida chez les homosexuels. - Analyse des comportements sexuels des jeunes homo- et bisexuels.

Young People at Risk: HIV/AIDS Among America’s Youth. - Peer Education Not Fear Education. - AIDS Video Censored. - Preventing Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents: The Benefits of Gay-Sensitive HIV Instruction in Schools. - HIV/AIDS: The Untold Story. - HIV Prevention Messages Failing to Convince Gays - Condom-FREE Anal Sex Keeps Virus on Increase. - Safe-sex education and the death drive. - The Scenography of HIV Infection for Young Gay Men: Educating Emotion and Desire: Individuation and sexual identity. - Contracting HIV... A Suicide Problem? - "I felt as if I had committed suicide for a good lay." This quote from the journal of an HIV-negative gay man about his feelings of guilt for having anal sex, even with a condom, stirred many feelings in me as well-along with a few questions. - A Clue to Why Gays Play Russian Roulette with HIV. (Alternate Link) - Intentional HIV Contraction: A Policy Change for Youth in Care: "When we think of suicide we do not usually think of someone knowingly and willingly contracting HIV. This paper recommends expanding our consideration of suicide to include intentional contraction of HIV." (Alternate Link)

Gay men unaware of AIDS infection status (2002): ""Clearly, unrecognized infection with human immunodeficiency virus is a problem in men who have sex with men," said Duncan MacKeller, an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.  "A substantial number of young gay and bisexual men of all races have HIV, do not know they are infected, do not think they are at risk, are not getting tested and may be unknowingly transmitting the virus to their partners," he said... Of 5,719 young gay men [age = 15-29] tested in several American cities - Baltimore, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York and Seattle - 573 or about 10 percent of them tested positive for HIV... Of those 573 infected individuals, 440 men or 77 percent were unaware they were infected." - Reality Check N/A: Percentage of men who did not know they were positive (by race/ethnicity): African-American (91%), Latino (70%), White (60%). - HIV leaps among young gay Americans. - Young Men Who Have Sex With Men: At Risk for HIV and STDs. - HIV/STD Prevention and Young Men Who Have Sex with Men. - What Are Young Gay Men's HIV Prevention Needs? - What Are Adolescents' HIV Prevention Needs?

Thousands do not know they are HIV positive (UK): Thousands of people in the UK are unknowingly carrying the virus that causes Aids, according to a series of anonymous surveys... among gay and bisexual men - the most HIV-aware section of the community - as many as 40% of people attending sexually transmitted disease (STD)  clinics do not know they are carrying the virus." - Does Desire Displace Knowledge? Young Men and HIV/AIDS.

HIV Transmission and Prevention Among Adolescents. - Talking to Your Children About AIDS. - Youth and AIDS Projects (YAP).  - NYU study: condoms don't increase teen sex activity. - Study blasts abstinence programs (Must Scroll). - Condom distribution not enough, say Vancouver community AIDS educators. - Need for Sustained HIV Prevention Among Men who Have Sex with Men (adolescents). - The Adolescent AIDS Program: Provider Trainings on HIV/AIDS & Adolescents, and Gay and Lesbian Youth.

AIDS at 20: Complacency returns (M. Signorile): "Last Friday, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control  and Prevention released a study that provided the most sweeping evidence yet of a return to a 1980s-era AIDS surge. New infection rates for  gay men in the United States, between the ages of 23 and 29, have almost doubled from a few years ago, rising to 4.4 percent per year. In 1997, when the new infections were averaging between 2 and 2.5 percent per year, epidemiologists expressed great alarm, warning that if the number remained constant, in 10 years, approximately 25 percent of gay men in that age group would become HIV positive."

Harvard AIDS Review, Fall, 1998, "Young Gay Men at Risk": "Young gay men in the United States currently become infected with HIV at a rate of 4 percent a year. At that rate, half of all gay men who are now 18 years old will be HIV positive by the time they are 30... With infections high among young gay men and many older gay men returning to unsafe sex, gay community leaders know they must step up efforts if they are to avoid the tragic, unnecessary loss of another generation of gay men to AIDS. - Rate of New HIV Infections Rises Sharply in San Francisco: "Following years of steep declines, the rate of new HIV infections in San Francisco surged in 1999 to levels that parallel those in sub-Saharan Africa, where one in four  adults is infected with the virus that causes AIDS." - Oral sex has near-zero HIV risk according to new San Francisco study (PubMed Abstract).

AIDS roars back: Blacks hit hardest (Chicago Tribune, 2002): "While some observers blame ignorance or denial of HIV's risks, others in the gay community say some young gay men may see infection as inevitable or even socially desirable... Yet gay men still account for 53 percent of AIDS cases in Chicago, where gay activists and public health officials say they are seeing a disturbing trend of sex without condoms... A CDC study released in February showed that 30 percent of gay Black men between the ages of 23 and 29 were HIV-positive; the rate among adults in hard-hit South Africa is 20  percent... Yet the new survey revealed a new infection rate of 4.4 percent for young gay men. The rates ranged from 2.5 percent among gay white men to 14.7 percent among gay Black men... Said Gaylord: 'They won't say gay because gay is a white thing.' The presence of Black men in denial makes prevention efforts that much more difficult, Edwards said. 'If you make an AIDS awareness poster that's clearly aimed at gay men, a lot of the Black men you're trying to reach will say, `That's not me.'" Edwards said. 'The question  becomes how you reach them without offending them.'"

Working against an epidemic: Young, gay black man preaches for safe sex: "If black gays don't have enough to worry about with rampant shame or homophobia - both issues that can cause a crippling stigmatization in the black community - they now have to face a growing threat of AIDS. According to a study released in February by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a staggering one-third of young, gay, black males in large U.S. cities are infected with HIV... According to Lamar, younger gays are preyed on by older gay men, who want to brag that they're the first to have sex with them.Some of these young men are more likely to have risky sex, such as anal intercourse without condoms..."

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infections among young men who have sex with men. The Baltimore young men's survey (XIV International AIDS Conference): 863 MSM - 15-29 - 33.4% African American, 53.7% white - 76.5% homosexual, 19.9% bisexual -  median age of 23 - "Prevalence of HCV was 5.6% and of past or present HBV infection was 14.4%, whereas the proportion HBV susceptible participants was 66.9%. HIV co-infection was 34.7% for HBV and 27.1% for HCV. Multivariate risks for HCV were: African American (OR=2.8; 95%CI:1.5,5.3), Asian (OR=5.4;1.4,19.9), injection use (OR=9.2;4.3,19.9); and for HBV: HIV positivity (OR=3.4;2.0,5.8), African American (OR=2.4;1.5,4.0), Asian (OR=3.7;1.1,11.9), Hispanic (OR=5.6;2.4,13.2), and having over 20 male lifetime partners (OR=2.9; 1.6,5.5). Conclusions: HCV (5.6%) and HBV (14.4%) infection are quite high among YMSM, particularly affecting HIV infected individuals and minorities. HCV infection is primarily explained by injection drug use."

Young gay and bisexual men are engaging in high risk activities. - New generation of gay men at AIDS risk: Studies released at global meeting show high rates of HIV infection, low testing and prevention knowledge (2002). - HIV infection as leading cause of death in young adults? - AIDS is leading killer of homeless 25-44 years old. - Man to stand trial over infecting teenager with HIV. - Silence = Deaf  -  In the translation from English to sign language, HIV education loses something: Lives. (Alternate Link)

New Mexico Governor's Task Force on HIV/AIDS: Position Statement: High HIV Infection Rate Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: "HIV/AIDS is a very serious problem among men who have sex with men (MSM) in New Mexico. Three quarters (75%) of the state's HIV/AIDS cases are among men who have sex with men."

From Boston's Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Access Project: - The Boston Young Gay Men Study (abstract). - The Boston Partners Study (abstract). - Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Study of Their HIV Risk Behavior (abstract). - Young Men Who Have Sex with Men Serosurveillance Survey (abstract). - Research Documents, Some Available for Download. 

Search GLBTQ: The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture. - Search BGLAD. - Search the QRD. - Search all GLBT Resource Directories. - Search Google.com. - Search Google Scholar. - Search Google's G:LBT Directory. - MSN Search. - Search findarticles.com: many full text articles and papers.

Academic Searches: Search IngentaConnect: The most comprehensive collection of academic and professional publications. - Search Project Muse: Scholarly Journals Online. - Search JSTOR: The Scholarly Journal Archive. - Search The National Library of Medicine.

Ethnic Minority Males

Ending Isolation, Anti-Racism Crucial to HIV Prevention " It has been from this isolation and toward the hope of community that much of the LGBT culture has been built. However, many people of color do not find sanctuary in the LGBT community, only a familiar kind of isolation born from discrimination and prejudice. According to the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force more than half of Black LGBT people agree that racism is a problem in their relations with the LGBT community and one-third reported negative experiences in LGBT establishments.  Addressing concerns of racism in LGBT culture must be immediate and sustained...  Racism is also a betrayal of the core values that we base the LGBT movement on: freedom from discrimination and harassment and equal access and opportunity. These ideals are hard won and are the stepping-stones to creating the kind of community and culture that we all long for and deserve. Coming out of isolation must be something available to all of us in the LGBT community. For these reasons, and many more, we must foster sustained dialogue within our community about the importance of diversity and inclusion..."

Men of Color Who Have Sex with Men and HIV/AIDS in the United States (PDF Dowbload, PDF Download): "Since the onset of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States, HIV incidence has been highest among men who have sex with men (MSM). Most new AIDS cases for which MSM is the HIV exposure category are now among MSM of color, who face extraordinary barriers to HIV counseling and testing as well as to care. Moreover, evidence suggests that AIDS surveillance data significantly underrepresent the rate of HIV/AIDS among men of color..." - Policy Facts: Communities of Color and HIV/AIDS. - Toward eliminating health disparities in HIV/AIDS: the importance of the minority investigator in addressing scientific gaps in Black and Latino communities.

"FAGGOT MOTHERFUCKER"  said a Black man in the corner of 129th and Fifth Avenue in Harlem to  an effeminate gay Black man walking by. Most Black and Latino heterosexual men say they have called a homosexual "faggot" or "punk" at one time or another in their life, a new poll shows.- Combating HIV in Black and Latino Communities. - Expanded Coverage of AIDS/HIV in Underserved Special Communities: African Americans, Hispanics, Women, IVDUs. - HIV & AIDS Statistics for Gay Men (USA) / by ethnic groups. - Gay Minorities with AIDS Overtake Gay Whites N/A.

New Executive Director of the AIDS Action Committee of Massachusetts: "In the 19 years since the AIDS Action Committee was founded, the nature of the epidemic has shifted from one initially affecting primarily white gay men to one impacting people of all races and sexual orientations. Communities of color and young gay men, especially young African-American and Hispanic gay men, are currently at the highest risk for contracting HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. - Recognizing and Responding to the Many Faces of AIDS in the USA. - Another Black Experience: Gay Daddy: "The piers are gone now. AIDS decimated a generation, and is now hitting another hard, particularly young gay black men, who are being infected at the same epidemic rate as Africans. I asked Al if he thought more funding would help, and he sneered, "Not until the black community confronts homophobia head on. Not as long as parents throw their kids away." Al tries to redeem them, but for young gay black and Latino kids, not enough has changed."

HIV/AIDS and People of Color. - Facts about HIV / AIDS in People of Color. - Minority groups and young gay men have high and worsening rates of HIV; prevention research is lacking, say UCSF researchers in new report. -  People of color confront HIV, health system. - People of color missing out on new drugs N/A. -  Children of the Epidemic. - A Youth Leader's Guide to Building Cultural Competence [PDF Download]: Chapter Four: Cultural Background for HIV/AIDS Prevention. 

Unrecognized HIV Infection, Risk Behaviors, and Perceptions of Risk Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in Six U.S. Cities, 1994 - 1998. - HIV/AIDS hits African American community hardest. - HIV/AIDS Among African Americans. - Mobilizing against the HIV/AIDS Crisis among African Americans. - AIDS in the African and African-American Communities. - The shocking truth about the aids epidemic in Black America. - The Black Death: AIDS in the African-American community is a public health emergency - Why? The latest stats on HIV among black MSMs has everyone asking why prevention doesn't seem to be working. - Study: Black male gays, bisexuals hit hard. - USATODAY.com - One in 3 young gay black men are HIV-positive. - HIV Among African Americans (Harvard AIDS Review - Special Edition, 1996) - Blacks’ concern over HIV/AIDS rises as epidemic continues N/A (1998). - What Are African-Americans' HIV Prevention Needs? Are African-American populations at risk? - The San Francisco Black Community's Response to AIDS/HIV. - Lest We Forget: HIV/AIDS in the African American Community. - What Puts People At Risk? - African-Americans.

An epidemic in the making (1991): Open Season on Black Gay Men (1991). - And the Choir Sings On: Special Report (1994) - "From small rural churches to center city arenas, voices rise in a joyful noise for the Lord. But AIDS has cast a pall of silence over the black gospel music community." - Waking Up To Common Ground: dialogue between the African American and lesbian/ gay/ bisexual communities 1994.  (Alternate link)  - HIV/AIDS prevention efforts in the black gay community suffered another blow last month (1995)...  - Concern About AIDS in Minority Communities (1995). - Black Is... Black Ain't (1998) N/A: Cornelius Baker may be the most effective black AIDS advocate on Capitol Hill. But has he lost touch with the streets? - Two Nations Under Plague: Wake up, my gay, white brothers and sisters! AIDS is  ravaging people of color (1999).

The Hidden Epidemic: "It's called the 'down-low' - the lifestyle of black men who have sex with other men but keep it secret from the women in their lives. Men on the down-low risk more than rejection if they're found out - they face blame for fanning the flames of the AIDS epidemic." - The Low Down on Down Low Culture. - On the Down Low. - St. Louis: Some Gay Black Men Are Keeping a Deadly Secret. - "The Deadly Secret" - Men who sleep with men: Brothers on the down low pose a serious AIDS risk to Black women. - Why AIDS Is Rising Among Black Women. - Sex, Lies and Magazines: "...many African Americans are unwilling to acknowledge homosexuality in their communities, and many black males, even those who sometimes engage in homosexual sex.." - Men On The Down Low: Misinformation and Fascination. - Self-identification as "down low" among men who have sex with men (MSM) from 12 US cities. 

Racism. Homophobia. Which Do You Prefer? N/A "As a whole, black gay men have been invisible in American society. We have been scorned within the black community, which often denies our existence as gay men or views us with open hostility. In the general society as well as in the wider gay community, where racism is as prevalent as it is in society as a whole, we often encounter rejection and marginalization due to the color of our skin. The effects have been devastating, contributing to rates of HIV infection among men of color that far exceed those among other groups." - Homophobia, self-esteem, and risk for HIV among African American men who have sex with men.

A deadly taboo: Is homophobia in the black community fanning the flames of HIV infection among African-Americans, the hardest-hit population outside sub-Saharan Africa? (Alternate Link) - Homophobia and HIV in the black community: A conversation with Phill Wilson. - Coretta Scott King Assails Black Homophobia N/A. - My Gay Problem, Your Black Problem: African American men's fear and misconceptions contribute to their homophobia.- Are Black males homophobic?- AIDS and Black New Yorkers: Homophobia, Racism, and Rejection Fuel Rising Infections - Part 2: Black, Gay, At-Risk. - New Study Examines  America's Black GLBT Community. Research Teams Document Priorities and Demographics: Tell of Concern over HIV/AIDS, Racism & Homophobia. - Study Examines African-American Gays. - In AIDS Fight, Homophobia Hinders Blacks. - Black, Gay, At-Risk: Homophobia, Racism, and Rejection Fuel Rising Infections. - Homophobia As a Health Hazard. - Blacks Must Shout: 'Silence = Death' N/A - African-American Health Care Statistics. - "State of Emergency" on HIV/AIDS in the African American Community N/A.

Black Leaders Urge AIDS Action. - Experts urge black churches to help AIDS fight. - Get Churches in on the AIDS Battle. - Black leaders seek help in fighting AIDS N/A. - BCA Finds Black Churches Can Help Quietly Break AIDS Taboos. - Black Churches Banding Together to Battle AIDS, HIV. - The African-American Church & AIDS - Part 1 & Part 2. - Homosexuality and the Black Church. - It’s high time for black gays to ‘walk the daylight’ "A black gay man who attends a homophobic church for ‘the fellowship’ is like a black man joining a Ku Klux Klan gathering because they serve good hush
puppies." - The Great Debate on Homosexuality in The Black Community.(Black print on black) - Homosexuality and the African American Church: The Paradox of the "Open Closet" Am. Behav. Scientist 42, 1117 (1999). - African American Churches and HIV/AIDS (Documents).

Has the Black Church Failed the Same Gender Loving Community? - Standing Up to the Black Church. - Same Gender—Loving Family, And Brother Outsider: The Life Of Bayard Rustin. - The Color of Being Gay: Part 1 - The Black Church and the effect that it has on the African American gay community. - The Color of Being Gay: Part II - Sexual and Racial Politics. - For Some Black Pastors, Accepting Gay Members Means Losing Others. - African American Roundtable: "Historically, African American churches have not dealt with human sexuality in a positive light. Our theologies are often negative about sexuality—particularly homosexuality—and this contributes to a fear of sexuality and destructive understandings of masculinity and femininity. We hope that the work of the African American Roundtable can lead to a radical transformation of thought and understanding in African American communities." - World’s largest black gay pride organization applauds Atlanta metro churches acceptance of black gay men and women. - Black Church Leaders Embrace Gays – Good or Bad?

AIDS and the State of Denial: "Some African-American leaders are urging the Bush administration to declare the HIV/AIDS epidemic a national state of emergency and provide federal funds for more effective treatment and prevention programs. But the state of denial is the primary reason  the epidemic has wreaked havoc within the black community; the virus has replaced murder as the leading killer of black men and women ages 25 to 44." - Could the Racism in Predominantly White Gay Communities be implicated in the increasing HIV rates of homosexually oriented males of colour? Little has been written on this subject. - The truth about Blacks and Gays. - Surge in New HIV Infections Among Young Gay Men in US, Particularly African Americans. - Perspectives on the AIDS Crisis: Why What Worked for White Gays Won't Work for Blacks Funding alone isn't enough. Different cultural approaches, issues of self-esteem, must be addressed.

Black Men & HIV: "But lost in this outcry has been real discussion about the group at greatest risk for HIV - Black gay and bisexual men. If we are serious about stopping AIDS, we have to end that silence - and in the process rethink our beliefs about what it means to be Black and male in America today. Half of all new infections among men are among Black men. According to a recent CDC study, nearly a third of Black men who are gay or bisexual have HIV before age 30. Some communities have greeted the news of these infection rates by blaming the victims - demonizing us and characterizing Black men as sexual predators or declaring that African American men who have sex with other men cannot be reached with effective solutions. It's an old, familiar song, the same thinking that makes it hard for us to get a cab in New York City..." - AIDS fight targeting young, gay black men. - HIV Prevention for Young African American MSM (PDF Download).

HIV/AIDS in the African-American Community (2007). - Unintentional HIV exposures from young men who have sex with men who disclose being HIV-negative. - Op-Ed: "State of Emergency" on HIV/AIDS in the African American Community. - GMAD: "As New York City's premier organization serving Gay Men of African Descent (GMAD), our core mission is to empower gay men of African descent through education, advocacy, health and wellness promotion, and social support." - Declaring An HIV/AIDS State of Emergency In The African American Community In Georgia. - Black, Gay, At-Risk: Homophobia, Racism, and Rejection Fuel Rising Infections. - Black Gay Men And AIDS. - Homophobia causes AIDS: Study fingers anti-gay sentiment as a major factor in HIV’s spread among black men. - Black gay leaders express discontent with HIV efforts: Activists demand action from health agency during Atlanta meeting. - The Great Down-Low Debate. - Homophobic lyrics in reggae music, a health issue for black gay men. - Primetime Reports the HIV Epidemic Among Blacks … A Decade Too Late.

A Turning Point: Confronting HIV/AIDS in African American Communities (PDF Download): "The truth of the matter is in 2005 AIDS in America is virtually a Black disease. The epidemic will not be over unless and until Black people in America develop the capacity, infrastructure and commitment to make it so. The time is now to create a comprehensive, coordinated mass mobilization against the AIDS epidemic in Black America." ... This Call to Action underscores the devastating impact of HIV/AIDS in African American communities and urges state and local health departments, African American leaders, federal agencies, and policy makers to mobilize their responses to this crisis. While the early public health response to HIV/AIDS was not focused on African American communities in most of the country — despite evidence of an emerging epidemic — the crisis in African American communities nationwide is unconscionable and demands swift and decisive action. This Call to Action seeks to:..." - Minority AIDS Initiative threatened by funding changes.

The Body: African-American HIV/AIDS Resource Center. - BlackAIDS.org's Resources. - Black Issues Book Review: The Literature of AIDS. - The Black Church and HIV/AIDS: Resources Page. - National Library of Medicine: HIV/AIDS Minority Resources. - African American caregivers and HIV/AIDS formal resources - 1. - HIV/AIDS and the African American Community: Web-based Information Resources. - HIV Transmission and Prevention in African Americans: Related Resources. 

AIDS & African Americans: A guide for substance abuse, sexuality and care - 2000 - by Pamela Blackwell-Johnson  ( Link to Editorial Reviews) - The Boundaries of Blackness: AIDS and the Breakdown of Black Politics - 1999 - by Cathy J. Cohen (Link to Editorial Reviews). -  Honey, Honey, Miss Thang: Being Black, Gay, and On the Streets - 1996 - by Leon E. Pettiway (Editorial Review, 9 Sample pages). - Fighting Words: Personal Essays by Black Gay Men - 1999 - edited by Charles Michael Smith (Link to Editorial Reviews). - One More River to Cross: Black and Gay in America - 1998 - by Keith Boykin (Link to Editorial Reviews, 27 Sample Pages). - Are We Not Men? Masculine Anxiety and the Problem of African-American Identity - 1998 - by Phillip Brian harper (Review). - The Greatest Taboo: Homosexuality in Black Communities - 2001 - by Delroy Constantine-Simms (Interview with author) (Table of Contents) (Review: Black Gay / Gay Black). - A Whosoever Church: Welcoming Lesbians and Gay Men into African American Congregations - 2001 - by Gary David Comstock (11 Sample Pages) (Review). - Somebody's Knocking at Your Door: AIDS And the African-american Church - 1999 - by Ronald Jeffrey Weatherford and Carole Boston Weatherford. - Not in My Family: AIDS in the African-American Community - 2006 - by Gil L. Robertson (Review). - Beyond the Down Low: Sex, Lies, and Denial in Black America - 2004 - by Keith Boykin (Review) (Author Interview). 

CAPS: Hermanos de Luna Y Sol: HIV Risk Factors for Latino Gay/Bisexual Men. - Latinos and HIV: An Epidemic Waiting to Burst? - AIDS: Are Latinos A High Risk Population? - 'Breaking The Silence,' a Collection of Personal Stories by HIV-Positive Latinos and Latinas; AIDS Project Los Angeles Publishes Stories as HIV Prevention Effort N/A. - Internalized homophobia is a continuing obstacle to our ability to fully address HIV and AIDS issues related to gay and bisexual Latino men. (Alternate Link) - Deadly Silence: Taboos aid high incidence of HIV among gay Latino men N/A. (Related information in "Coming out in Spanish") - The Latino Lag: When it comes to care, Latinos are falling behind. - Preventing HIV among Latino and African American Gay and Bisexual Men in a Context of HIV-Related Stigma, Discrimination, and Homophobia: Perspectives of Providers.

HIV/AIDS In Latino Community Has Reached Crisis Proportions, New Nclr-Csulb Center For Latino Health Reports Findings. - HIV/AIDS and Hispanics. - Latino Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: Unique Needs and Challenges. - Event to bring awareness to AIDS in Latino communities. - Health, Culture, HIV/AIDS, and Latino/a College Students (PDF Download). - Bearing Witness: Resiliency In the Lives of (Homo)Sexual Latino Men (PDF Download). - The University of Illinois School of Public Health is launching a first-of-its-kind research project on Latino gay and bisexual men and HIV prevention. - Intimate partner violence and HIV sexual risk in Latino gay men: The role of sexual self-efficacy and participation in difficult sexual situations. - The Gay Men's Initiative: Breaking the Link Between HIV and Black Gay and Bisexual Men.

HIV Infection Cases Surging Among Latinos. (Alternate Link) - AIDS at 20: A Latino Primer. - Health care conference zeros in on AIDS among Latino males. - Gay Latinos Face Stumbling Blocks to Healthcare. - A Pozitive Difference: One man's dedication in creating a new social environment for HIV+ Latinos. - With CDC HIV Infection Rates on the Rise, New NGLTF Report Examines Direct Impact of Discrimination of Latino Gay Men: Social Discrimination and Health: The case of Latino gay men and HIV risk (PDF Download). - Latino Commission on AIDS: State of Emergency. - The University of Illinois School of Public Health is launching a first-of-its-kind research project on Latino gay and bisexual men and HIV prevention.

Race/Ethnicity Matters: Latino versus Caucasian Young Gay Men's Sexual Stories (AIDS Project Los Angeles: PowerPoint presentation / Download): "Very little is known, qualitatively, about the actual sexual lives of young gay men…even less is known about Latino young gay men... The focus of today’s talk is “sexualities, genders, nations, and races” ..my aim is theorize how race and nation matter in the co-production of gendered sexualities. Differences were noted in the following areas: coming out, sexual development, parental reactions, use of sexual scripts, and sexual risk behaviors... More than half reported coercive sex, ranging from rape, date rape, boyfriends who rape to ambiguous acts. More Latinos reported coercive sex.. Latinos tended to report rape perpetuated by older male family members... The greater prevalence of unsafe sex, sexual coercion, and participation at PSEs, probably reflects the social discrimination (racism and homophobia) and stigma experienced by Latino MSM (also see Diaz et al., 2001)." - Homophobia in Childhood Predicts Childhood Sexual Abuse among Latino Gay Men (PDF Download). - Higher HIV Rates Among Gay Latino Men Who Face Racism. - Does Silencio = Muerte? (Alternate Link)

Proceedings of the National Latino HIV/AIDS Research Conference. (Alternate Link) - Many Full Text Papers: Conference Process Note: Confronting Internalized Homophobia. - Introduction: An Overview of AIDS Among Latinos in the United States. -  Defining Epidemiologic Issues in Latino HIV/AIDS Research. - A Synopsis of Behavioral Science Papers on Latino HIV/AIDS Issues. - Latino Gay Men and HIV Risk-a New NGLTF Report: Social and Cultural Factors See Increased Infection Rate. - Contexts of HIV sexual risk behavior among Latino gay men (Abstract). - Interface of gender, culture, and context when addressing the needs of Latinos with HIV/AIDS (Abstract). 

What Are US Latinos’ HIV Prevention Needs? - What Puts People At Risk? - Latinos. - A Sociocultural Model of HIV Risk in Latino Gay Men. - Latino Gay Men and HIV: Culture, Sexuality, and Risk Behavior - 1998 - by Rafael M. Diaz (Abstract) (Abstract) (Link to Editorial Reviews, 19 Sample Pages).  Link to Interview with author. - Bibliography of Sexuality Studies in Latin America. - Latino/Hispanic Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual resources.

Sexual risk as an outcome of social oppression: data from a probability sample of Latino gay men in three U.S. cities. - Psychosocial, behavioral, and cultural predictors of sexual risk for HIV infection among Latino men who have sex with men. - Bisexual Latino Men and HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections Risk: An Exploratory Analysis. - Latino Men's Sexual Behavior with Transgender Persons. - Sexual negotiation, HIV-status disclosure, and sexual risk behavior among Latino men who use the internet to seek sex with other men. - Higher prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among Latino men who have sex with men than non-Latino men who have sex with men: data from the Urban Men's Health Study.

National Native (American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian) HIV/AIDS Awareness Day: "March 21, 2007 marks the first annual National Native (American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian) HIV/AIDS Awareness Day. This day is an opportunity to increase awareness of the impact of HIV/AIDS on American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians. HIV/AIDS continues to increase among Native people. Per population, American Indians/Alaska Natives have the third highest rates of HIV/AIDS behind Blacks and Hispanics. Native people are more likely to live in rural areas and many rural areas have limited HIV testing services. Stigma about HIV and fear of seeing people they know from their close communities at local health care facilities may also stop people from getting tested. National Native HIV/AIDS Awareness Day is an opportunity for Native people and others to create a greater awareness of the risks of HIV/AIDS to their communities; to remember those who have passed; to acknowledge those who are infected and affected by HIV/AIDS; to call for increased resources for testing; and to seek support for increasing treatment and care options.

HIV/AIDS among American Indians and Alaska Natives (2007). -  AIDS Risk is Still High in Indian Country, Organizations show concern. - The rising number of HIV infected Native Americans sparks alarm. - American Indian Populations Face AIDS Threat. - American Indian /  Alaska Native Initiative. - National Native American AIDS Prevention Center.  - Native Americans confront spread of HIV/AIDS. - Cumulative Growth in American Indian/Alaska Native AIDS Cases <1984 through June 2001 (PDF Download). - HIV/AIDS & Native Americans (1999, PDF Download). - HIV/AIDS among American Indians and Alaska Natives (2007: PDF Download). - American Indian Community House - HIV/AIDS Project. -  HIV Prevention for Gay / Bisexual / Two-Spirit Native American Men (Free Report). - Native America and HIV/AIDS Links to other World Wide Web sites.  - Two-Spirit Voices - Volume 1, Issue 1, 2. - The Provider's Guide to Quality & Culture: American Indians and Alaska Natives and HIV/AIDS (PDF Download).

HIV/AIDS Among Aboriginal Persons in Canada: A Continuing Concern. - Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network. - Assembly of First Nations HIV/AIDS Action Plan (PDF Download). - Examining HIV/AIDS among the aboriginal population in Canada in the post-residential school era (PDF Download). - An Overview of Models for Community Based Aboriginal HIV/AIDS Research (PDF Download). - Alarming rates of HIV/AIDS for Canada's Aboriginal women. - Ignorance, Indifference and Invisibility: The Aboriginal HIV/AIDS Epidemic, by LaVerne Monette, ... a two-spirit Ojibway originally from Winnipeg, Manitoba. She is the Executive Director of the Ontario Aboriginal HIV/AIDS Strategy, a provincial AIDS service organization whose mandate is to provide HIV/AIDS information, health promotion and program and service supports for off-reserve Aboriginal people living with and affected by HIV/AIDS, their partners, families and communities. - Statement of Solidarity (2005): International AIDS Conference Local Host supports Aboriginal AIDS Awareness Week in Canada (PDF Download). - Addressing homophobia in relation to hiv/aids in aboriginal communities. - A New Look at Homophobia and Heterosexism in Canada. Discussion paper commissioned by the Canadian AIDS Society: PDF Download.

Special Initiatives: American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN). - American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian HIV/AIDS References (PDF Download). - Information Centre on Aboriginal Health (ICAH, Canada): Resources. - The Two-Spirit Tradition: Links to Resources. - Aboriginal / American Indian / First Nations Two Spirit Information Pages and Suicide Issue, - Canadian HIV/AIDS Organizations.

Asian/Pacific Islander and HIV/AIDS in the United States.  - What Are Asian and Pacifc Islander HIV Prevention Needs? - Asian American Young Adult Males: Young Asian Men's Study: Results From Seattle. - Results From San Diego. - Systematic Review of HIV Behavioral Prevention Research in Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. - Asian-American & Pacific Islander: HIV Prevention Programs & Best Practices. - Publications & Videos. - HIV /AIDS & Asian-Americans / Pacific Islanders. - Fighting HIV/AIDS in the Asian American and Pacific Islander Community Means Breaking Down Cultural, Language and Stigma Barriers. 

Changing America and AIDS: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. - Spotlight on local health issues: hiv/aids in the api community. - Fighting AIDS in Asia: 'gay'-related problems. - The Rediff Special / Ashok Row Kavi: The Coming Holocaust. - Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention (ASAP).  - Southeast Asia IDS/HIV Information.

Unrecognized HIV infection and barriers to testing among young Asian American men who have sex with men (XIV International AIDS Conference): 508 Asian-American MSM aged 18 to 29 years from San Francisco - 30% ethnic Chinese, 29% Filipino, 17% Vietnamese, 6% Japanese, 4% Thai, and 4% Korean - 122 (24%) never tested for HIV. "Of 13 men testing HIV+ (prevalence 2.6%), only 4 (31%) reported that they previously knew their HIV infection status. Men of Thai ethnicity were less likely to have tested (52% vs. 76%, p<0.01), yet were more likely to be HIV+ (9.5% vs. 1.9%, p<0.05) than other ethnic groups."

Asian and Pacific Islanders and HIV/AIDS (Health Brief: PDF Download): By exposure category, men who have sex with men (MSM) experience the severest impact of HIV/AIDS among adult/ adolescent AAPI males, accounting for 71% of cumulative AIDS cases, compared to 55% for Native American/Alaskan Native, 74% of White, 42% for Latino and 37% for Black MSM. From January 2001 to December 2001, 53% of new AIDS cases reported among AAPI males were among MSM. Studies have reported HIV prevalence rates as high as 27% for AAPI gay men in San Francisco and Orange County, CA.

AIDS among Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States. - An opportunity for prevention: prevalence, incidence, and sexual risk for HIV among young Asian and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men, San Francisco. - HIV testing patterns and unrecognized HIV infection among young Asian and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men in San Francisco. - Gay Asian men in San Francisco follow the international trend: increases in rates of unprotected anal intercourse and sexually transmitted diseases, 1999-2002.

HIV Transmission and Prevention in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans: Related Resources. - Asian and Pacific Islanders HIV/AIDS Awareness Day: Resources. - API HIV/AIDS Resources. -HIV/AIDS & Adolescents:  A Guide to Selected Resources. - Race/Ethnicity and HIV/AIDS (Article Listing).

Search GLBTQ: The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture. - Search BGLAD. - Search the QRD. - Search all GLBT Resource Directories. - Search Google.com. - Search Google Scholar. - Search Google's G:LBT Directory. - MSN Search. - Search findarticles.com: many full text articles and papers.

Academic Searches: Search IngentaConnect: The most comprehensive collection of academic and professional publications. - Search Project Muse: Scholarly Journals Online. - Search JSTOR: The Scholarly Journal Archive. - Search The National Library of Medicine.

Intergenerational Issues

A Highly Neglected Issue: Boys Who Have Sex With Men. - One of the extremely are studies of gay/bi youth and what they actually experience after making more formal contact with gay communities: Seal DW, Kelly JA, Bloom FR, Stevenson LY, Coley BI, Broyles LA (2000). HIV prevention with young men who have sex with men: what young men themselves say is needed. AIDS Care, 12(1), 5-26. Medline Abstract. Study Highlights / Excerpts.

Gay City crosses The Great Age Divide in public forum (Seattle Gay News, November 20, 1998): "The forum revealed how often Gay men make mistaken assumptions about each other, based on our own life experiences, misinterpreting the  intentions and behaviors of other Gay men older or younger than ourselves. The discussions revealed how we often mistakenly project our own personal assumptions and stereotypes onto one another, and fail to understand the experiences of Gay men  from another generation... Gay City forum "The Great Age Divide" didn't solve the problem of intergenerational misunderstanding and conflict, or answer the questions of where we go from here... Generalizing from the trend of the comments from the audience, younger Gay men tended to view older Gay men as bitter, angry, frightened of their sexuality, and sexually exploitative of younger Gay men... On the other hand, older Gay men tended to view the younger generation of Gay men as reckless,  misinformed, superficial, sometimes cruel, and sexually exploitative... Many people expressed the desire of a Gay community where we relate to one another not as sex objects, but find some deeper ground for encountering and enjoying each other, while some folk felt that sexual objectification of Gay men was entirely appropriate and to be expected."

Aging Disgracefully: The Problem With Older Gay Men (Part 1): "Older gay men and younger gay men rarely talk to each other... I went through my entire twenties without a single friendship with an older man. I felt manipulated by them.  There were only two kinds of older men, as far as I was concerned: Those who made a pass at you and those who didn’t... Now that I’m over 40, I’ve had to come face to face with my own questionable behavior with younger guys... (Part 2) There are plenty of young guys who want the sexual company of older men. But the majority don't. What they  want is friendship, guidance, advice and support. And too often, men like me use these potential gifts as a lure for sexual conquest. In gay life, the line between sex and friendship is thin, transparent and constantly moving... There is always something wrong when you sacrifice friendship for momentary pleasure. There is always something wrong with using experience and power to exploit youth and vulnerability. I had a responsibility to redefine what it means to be an older gay man and I failed miserably." - Older men, younger boys, or visa versa? (Alternate Link)"The old stereotypes of Dirty Old Man  and Exploited Youth are fast being done  away with. Here's a hard, critical look at gay intergenerational relationships.everybody knows that some older guys chase after young men. But these days, a surprising number of younger guys - of legal age ofcourse - are lusting after older - and sometimes much older - men." - The Experienced World of Young Gay Men who are Attracted to Older Men - A Phenomenological Study. (Alternate link with link to complete study in Finnish.)

Intergenerational Issues For Gay Asian Males: The Truth About GAM: "The pursuit of a white boyfriend is so intense that many gay Asian men would sooner date a much older white male partner than another Asian.  Asian and Friends and the Long Yang Club are both social organizations with numerous chapters around the world that are designed for Asian men to meet Caucasian partners.  I had attended some of their events in cities from Sydney to New York, and all I saw were 50-something white guys with their 20-something Asian boyfriends." - Gay Asian Pride: "Based on my personal experience and talking to friends, I have found that most "Asian admirers" (or "Rice Queens" as they are known in the community) are always older than their Asian "boyfriends." ...While perusing the gay bookstore, I noticed a porn magazine with only Asian male models. However, unlike Caucasian porn magazines, these Asian men obviously appeared to be in their teens with very effeminate bodies."

Gay Kids in the Real World (by Steve Silberman, Wired News, November 4, 1997): Almost every one of the boys I interviewed for my article informed me that they were regularly propositioned by older men on AOL. At first, when I asked them what they thought of that, they'd wrinkle up their noses and say things like, "Gross."  Then, often, later in the conversation, if the trust level got high enough, a teenager might admit to me that he himself had met an older boy or man online, and saw him in real life. Sometimes the two became friends. Sometimes they had sex. Sometimes meeting offline had turned out to be an uncomfortable experience, but sometimes the young man perceived it in a positive light - an introduction to a larger circle of friends, or an entree to the wider gay world. For some of these highly intelligent, articulate young men, an offline rendezvous with an older male was a risk that had turned out to be worth it... The truth is, gay teenagers and older gay men have always found ways to meet, despite every law against it. Those interactions, fraught with risk on every side, comprise a kind of initiatory process for young gay men..."

How may gay/bi males had sex with significantly older men when they were adolescents or younger? See: Rind B (2001). Gay and Bisexual Adolescent Boys' Sexual Experiences With Men: An Empirical Examination of Psychological Correlates in a Nonclinical Sample. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30(4): 345-268. (Full Text) (PubMed Abstract). What would have been the HIV prevention of these gay/bi boys? Nothing was written on the subject.

Brownworth, Victoria A (1992). America’s Worst Kept Secret: AIDS Is Devastating the Nation’s Teenagers, and Gay Kids are Dying by the Thousands. The Advocate, March 24, 38-46: "Gay boys and straight girls who are having sex for money, shelter, love - they are at risk. And our community, the gay and lesbian community - and I particularly fault gay men here - has done nothing to try to help our youth. Gay men view these boys as recreational toys to be used. I have heard many stories of HIV-positive men having unprotected sex with boys. They don’t think it matters. If there is a single reason why so little is being done in this country about adolescent AIDS, it is that as a nation we are terribly afraid of the sexuality of our teens. These kids, no matter how they identify, gay or straight, need more than condoms and instructions on how to use them. They need someone to talk to, a support network, a place where they can feel safe and secure and where their confidentiality and personal histories are going to be protected and respected." (The above is a quotation from Gabe Kruks, a researcher of gay youth problems. At the time, he was the director of public policy and planning for the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Community Services Center.)

Kruks G (1991). Gay and lesbian homeless/street youth: special issues and concerns. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12(7): 515-8. (PubMed Abstract): "The "sugar daddy" usually present himself to the youth in a loving caretaker manner. For street youth who have a past history of rejection and/or abuse, the promise to be loved and cared for is a compelling one. [These youth usually have many of these relationships and] each of these is a cycle of falling in love, believing that life will now be wonderful forever and that this older adult truly loves the young person, discovering that in fact it is just sex that the adult wants, feeling the impact of one more betrayal, and ending up on the streets again. This whole cycle lasts an average of 1-2 months, and the youth often becomes extremely suicidal at the end of each cycle" (Kruks, 1991, p. 518)

Report: "Dangerous Inhibitions: How America is letting AIDS become an epidemic of the young." (PDF Download) From in the "Older Partner" section of the report: "Many young people find older partners attractive. All the young men and women participating in one series of PMI focus groups said that they prefer their sexual partners to be at least five years older than them." - Teens with Much Older Sex Partner at Risk (Only female youth mentioned). - The same applies in: I care. Do you? (PDF Download) "In Indiana, youth represent nearly 4% of all diagnoses of HIV infection. Youth are especially vulnerable to sexual exposure to HIV. This is evident in the number of sexually transmitted diseases reported in Indiana in the third quarter of 2001. There were 462 cases of gonorrhea reported among 10-19 year olds and 1,305 cases of chlamydia in three months. Youth are sexually active. Female youth are especially vulnerable by having sex with older men. Over 30% of the diagnoses of HIV disease in this age group are female. The number of youth infected is unknown. Knowing that without treatment HIV infection often compromises the immune system within ten years to the point of a diagnosis of AIDS, one can assume that those who have been diagnosed with AIDS in their early 20s were infected when they were youth. The number of youth infected is unknown."

A report on the situation for adolescent females in SIECUS: - Young Women Have Higher HIV Risk When First Sexual Partner is Older. (Related Information) - "The study concludes that interventions aimed at adolescent women need to explore issues related to adolescents' implicit trust that an older male sexual partner is not infected or that he is taking the necessary precautions to avoid health consequences; and need to teach communication and negotiation skills to promote self-protective behavior during sexual encounters. Unfortunately, the authors do not address the social dynamics of older men having sexual relationships with adolescent women." - Only a hint that such a reality applies for adolescent males is present in: Young Men Who Have Sex With Men: At Risk for HIV and STDs.

AIDS and men who have sex with men (PDF Download): "Adolescent men frequently have sex with other males of their age group. They also sometimes have sex with older men — in some cases with men considerably older. This younger-older type of male-to-male relationship is common in certain cultures, where it is frequently within the family (with an uncle, for example). A ‘younger-older’ male relationship may be more or less consensual, or it may be a violent and abusive one. In either case the younger man is likely to be relatively vulnerable, because of a lack of knowledge about HIV and a lack of negotiating skills - and also because the older partner, simply because he has probably had many more sexual encounters, is more likely to be infected than a partner of the same age."

What are the HIV prevention needs of boys who have sex with men? - Next to nothing is available online or in written form on this subject possibly because the gay/bi males in HIV-AIDS-related organizations make sure this reality will not be addressed for "political" reasons. Is this another "Silence = Death" situation? - What one man was doing as a boy - The Curious Closets of Barton Benes: "Growing up with his grandparents in Queens, New York, after his parents separated, Benes would cut high school and sneak into Manhattan to get picked up by older men at the mob-run gay bars that shadowed the Beat streets."

Evaluation of an Adolescent HIV Prevention Program Focused on Gender-Based Norms for Sexual Behavior: "Approximately one out of four newly diagnosed AIDS cases in the U.S. occurs in persons under the age of 25. Because of an average 10-year period between infection and the onset of symptoms, it is estimated that the overwhelming majority of these young AIDS cases represent HIV infections that occurred during the teenage years. Adolescents, therefore, are an important target for HIV prevention efforts nationwide."

Comment on Terminology from India - Networks, language and sexual behaviours of men who have sex with men in an urban setting:  (PDF Download)"The Naz Project is beginning to use the term male to male sexual behaviours. According to them many boys experience homosexual behaviours at an early age. They are not ‘men’. The word man carries certain social signifiers around adulthood. The term men may exclude the ‘boys’ having sex with boys and men. However for the present study we have continued the use of the term MSM..." In America, the Povinelli et al. (1996: PubMed Abstract) study reports on a sample of 501 males aged 13 to 21 years "who self-identified as homosexual or bisexual or as having sex with men" (p. 33), the implication being that 13- to 16-year-old males are "men." The Remafedi (1994; PubMed Abstract) study sample of 239 males aged 13 to 21 years uses similar terminology. The males in the sample were "self-identified as gay or bisexual and/or had sex with men... High risk sex between men account for the largest proportion of AIDS cases among adolescents." (p. 163).  However, Morris et. al. (1995: PubMed Abstract) reported "that younger gay men with older partners are the leading edge of the [HIV-AIDS] epidemic in their cohort" (p. 24), and this problem would have begun early adolescence for some of the youngest males in the sample who were 18 years of age when studied.  (Source: A Highly Neglected Issue: Boys Who Have Sex With Men) Do gay/bi adolescent boys who are 13 to 16 years of age identify themselves as "men who have sex with men"? Maybe not.

From: Stall RD,