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Index: Male  Youth Prostitution -  - Homosexuality:  Biological  or  Learned ? -  -  Public School Issues -  - Transgender / Tranvestite / Transsexual -  - Lesbian  &  Bisexual Women -  - Homo-Negativity / Phobia -  - Identity Formation  &  Coming Out -  - Counseling  &  Therapy -  - Professional Education  -  - Bisexuality -  - Religion   &  Spirituality - - HIV-AIDS -  - Gay & Bisexual Male Suicide Problems -  - Drug / Alcohol Use / Abuse / Addiction  -  - GLBT  History - - Community Attributes  &  Problems -  -  Couples / Families / Children / Adoption / Spousal Violence - - The Elderly -  - Race/Ethnic Minority Issues: U.S., Canada, Europe,  New Zealand & Australia -  -  Latin America / Africa - - Middle East / Asia

Male Youth Prostitution

Contents of Part 1: Male Protitution Information for - North America - Latin America & the Caribbean - Europe - Australia / New Zealand / Pacific Islands - Asia - Africa.

HISTORY:

Europe: - Same-sex Relations Among Men in Europe, 1700-1990 N/A. - "In all big scandals, male prostitution with a generous supply of soldiers, male servants, college- and messenger-boys played a role." (Reference: Gert Hekma,"Same-sex relations among men in Europe, 1700-1990", in: Franz Eder, Lesley & Gert Hekma (eds), Sexual Cultures in Europe, Vol. 2: Themes in Sexuality, Manchester 1999, pp.79-103. - The Gay Subculture in Early Eighteenth-Century London.

England: Information about male prostitution at the turn of century given in the book Sexual Inversion by Havelock Ellis - first published from 1898 to 1905. Now available as part of collected works of Havelock Ellis titled Studies in the Psychology of Sex published from about 1936 onward. Reports that "trade" prostitution by military men in London was extremely common both in and out of uniform. Boys were also involved in varying arrangements with men. London: - 19th Century - ""Some of the barracks are great centers of male prostitution.... The number of soldiers who prostitute themselves is greater than we are willing to believe. It is no exaggeration to say that in certain regiments the presumption is in favor of the venality of the majority of the men.... On summer evenings Hyde Park and the neighborhood of Albert Gate are full of guardsmen and others plying a lively trade, and with little disguise, in uniform or out.... - The Vere Street Coterie. (Alternate Link) - Inverts, perverts, and Mary-Annes. Male prostitution and the regulation of homosexuality in England in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.  - Contextualizing the Construction and Social Organization of the Commercial Male Sex Industry in London at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century.

Soldier Heroes and Rent Boys: Homosex, Masculinities and Britishness in the Brigade of Guards, 1900-60 (Journal of British Studies, 42:3, 2003 - Abstract: PDF Download) by Matt Houlbrook. Excerpts: "In the twentieth century, the guardsman has thus come to represent both the British nation and an object of queer desire... It was through this trialectic symbolic encounter between soldier hero, rent boy, and queer that particular British masculinities were produced and contested. Those masculinities forever remained unstable, for the guardsman’s simultaneous and dissonant status generated profound anxieties. If the embodiment of British manhood could participate in homosex, the nation’s gendered body was threatened... The soldier hero, however, was also a rent boy... The desires that drew the guardsman to these sites and his interactions with queer men were, however, more complex than the label ‘‘rent boy’’ suggests. In part, the organization of the guardsman-queer encounter as a commercial, casual, and often anonymous sexual transaction represented a contingent response to social inequality and low wages—the dominant paradigm through which it was represented. ‘‘A mercenary motive,’’ noted Xavier Mayne in 1908, ‘‘is . . . most common.’’ Yet to foreground this commercial basis is both misleading and unproductive, for this was, in one sense, paradoxical. While cash or gifts could be accepted from middle-class men, taking money or drinks from other guardsmen undermined masculine status. This paradox highlights the limitations of analytic categories of ‘‘prostitution’’ in understanding these encounters, suggesting the need to move beyond seeing homosex as an instrumental response to poverty, to explore understandings of sexand masculinity within the Brigade..."

Italy: - Florence - History: Paper by Paul Halsall notes: R.C Trexler: "La Prostitution Florentine au XVe Siecle: Patronage et Clienteles" in Annales ESC 36:6 (1981), p. 984 points out that Florence built municipal brothels specifically to lure young men away from sodomy. - From:  LA CHAIR ET LA FLECHE: Le regard homosexuel sur saint Sébastien tel qu'il etait representé en Italie autour de 1500. (Also available as PDF Download: Access web page for download) The effort to get men away from boys is again noted with a date given for the initiative: 1403. Cities such as Florence and Venice had the centuries-old 'problem' of females dressing up as boys to be successful in the world of prostitution.

France: - Sodomites and police in Paris, 1715.

Spain: - Homosexualidad en la Sevilla del siglo XVI. - E ADRIANO A LORCA - Capítulo correspondiente al Estado Español de la Enciclopedia de la Homosexualidad, por Daniel Eisenberg: "El Estado Español es uno de los países con más rica historia homosexual. Se puede considerar como una constante de la historia española, a lo largo de distintos períodos la apreciación del amor entre hombres así como un culto a la belleza y a la poesía.
Sí bien no existe evidencia directa alguna de la homosexualidad en la misteriosa y rica civilización preromana del sur de la península, ésta es considerada como una cultura sexualmente permisiva. Hispania fue una de las provincias más romanizadas de Imperio, y en este sentido, asimiló la moral sexual propia de Roma, quizás no sea una coincidencia el hecho de que tanto Marcial, uno de los autores latinos más homosexuales, como Adriano, uno de los emperadores más gays, fueran ambos de origen hispano. Así mismo, el hecho de que existiera un término especial, «hawi» en el Islam occidental para designar la prostitución de hombres nos sugiere el hecho de que tales prácticas fueran algo común antes del advenimiento del Islam..."

Germany: - Las aberraciones sexuales en la Alemania nazi.

Russia: - Moscow, 1861-1917: The Appearance of a Homosexual Subculture.

Latin America: - Pleasures in the Parks of Rio de Janeiro during the Brazilian Belle Époque, 1898-1914. (Alternate Link). - Héroes nacionales y mitos: Homosexualidad masculina e historia  brasileña. 

Europe / America: - The Sexual Division of Labor, Sexuality, and Lesbian/Gay Liberation: Towards a Marxist-Feminist Analysis of Sexuality in U.S. Capitalism (by Julie Matthaei): "What is perhaps less well known is that male prostitution was also very common; indeed, the word "gay" in the nineteenth century referred to a prostitute (Weeks 1977: 42). Weeks estimates that about half of the prostitutes in Europe in the late nineteenth century cities were young men; I have not found comparable data for the United States, but male prostitution appears to have been common, especially in large cities. Weeks points out the continuity between male heterosexual and homosexual sex/prostitution: the interest was in sex; encounters were usually casual, not long-term; the prostitute was a sex object, performing sexual services in exchange for money or gifts; the client was a man with money to spend... There were also many part-time male prostitutes, who were working class youth employed in low wage jobs: sailors, soldiers, labourers, newspaper boys, messenger boys and the like (Weeks 1989: 207; Katz 1976: 64, 78)... Some men may have become male prostitutes because it gave them a way to live out aspects of the feminine gender role to which they were attracted -- feminine dress, desire to be a passive sexual partner, erotic attraction to a man. In a sense, they wanted to be women, and were doing "women's work" of prostitution... While engaging the services of a male prostitute was certainly not viewed as good or normal, through the early twentieth century men who did so were not necessarily viewed as homosexual, if they maintained their masculine gender role in the sexual act. When the concept of homosexual developed in the late nineteenth century, it referred only to males who took the "feminine" role in homosexual sexual encounters -- men who were "cocksuckers" or who liked to be anally penetrated -- not to the men who were sucked off by or had anal intercourse with men (Chauncey). In other words, deviating from one's gender role in the sex act was the stigmatized behavior, not sexual relations with a person of the same sex per se." (Reference: in Amy Gluckman and Betsy Reed, eds., Homo Economics:
Capitalism, Community, & Lesbian and Gay life. London: Routledge, 1997. Also in Review of Radical Political Economics 27:2 (June 1995), 1-37. Also in Amy Gluckman and Betsy Reed, eds., Homo Economics: Money, Community, & Sexual Orientation in the United States.)

Male Prostitution in the Twentieth Century: Pseudohomosexuals, Hoodlum Homosexuals, and Exploited Teens. (By Kerwin Kaye, Journal of Homosexuality, 46(1/2), 2003 - Abstract). Excerpts: "In the following essay, I attempt to trace something of the history of male prostitution from the late 1800s to the present. I focus particularly upon the ways in which the emergence of “homosexual” identity decisively shaped the social patterns of exchange which characterized male prostitution, turning it from something engaged in by “normal” men into something only “queer” men practiced. Issues of class also played a significant role in shaping outsider evaluations of male prostitution, however, and, as will be seen, even served as an important touchstone in relation to the formation of homosexual identity... George Chauncey’s insightful study of gay culture in pre-World War Two New York (1994) argues that the sexological discourse of the medical professionals initially had little impact upon the largely working-class worlds in which “fairies” and “queers” (to use the self-chosen terms of the time) resided. While sexological categorizations became generally hegemonic within the middle-class, working-class culture was characterized by an entirely different system of sexual categorization... Sexologists frequently identified “true homosexuality” with “inversion,” linking same-sex sexual practice with gender deviance. In many ways, however, this sexological notion of gendered difference simply reflected the social practice of the time... But while these forms of male prostitution, in which men and youths identified as fairies sold sex to straight men, were predominant at the turn of the century, by the 1910s and 20s they were in rapid decline (Chauncey, 1994: 67). With the spread of sexological discourse and the hetero/homo divide, fewer and fewer “normal” men were willing to hire other men, even if the worker was clearly identified as a fairy... Having “normal” men sell sex to “fairies” was not new, however, to the 1920s or 30s. The most notorious form of such prostitution, in which soldiers sold sex to gay-identified men, has its roots at least as far back as the 1700s (Weeks, 1977: 35), when a “homosexual” identity was undergoing its initial stages of development... Military prostitution was supplemented by a large number of straight-identified youths who also sold sex to gay-identified “fairies.” ... Two waves of anti-gay hysteria swept across the United States, the first from 1937 to 1940 (when FBI director J. Edgar Hoover called for a “War on the Sex Criminal”; Freedman, 1987: 94), and the second from 1949 to 1955 (the McCarthy period)... The ongoing rise of the hetero/homo dichotomy affected men engaging in prostitution in a variety of other ways as well. While previously a wide-cross section of the straight male working-class had been willing to trade sex for money, by mid-century only the most marginalized were willing to deal with the stigma associated with gay identity. The literature concerning male prostitution in the 1950s, 1960s, and even into the early 1970s is replete with stories of “deviants” or “hoodlum types” who engaged in prostitution as a means of obtaining spending money..."

Sovereigns of Themselves: A Liberating History of Oregon and Its Coast Volume VI... Sodomy Laws 1800s: "In the 1800s, sodomy laws were found in all states and territories, but were selectively enforced. In 1873, Lawrence G. Murphy, a civilian post trader at Fort Stanton, New Mexico, was charged with a "most unnatural” relationship with a local official in an effort to conceal his military contract. In El Paso, Texas, an 1896 charge of sodomy against Marcelo Alviar brought with it a bond set at $500, the same amount as for murder. The prohibitively expensive bond was punitive, and virtually guaranteed jail time or the loss of the defendant's life savings or property. This system of select enforcement was similarly applied to gambling houses, saloons, and brothels. Male prostitution existed in varying degrees, from a "elegantly furnished" 1882 Midwestern brothel to a particularly clandestine male street prostitution ring in San Francisco in 1902. Homosexuality in Western prisons was so common that in 1877, San Quentin director Dr. J. E. Pelham launched a crusade against it, advising solitary confinement as therapy.  In 1898, Boulder teamster W. H. Billings left his wife and sold his horses in order to run away with Charles Edwards, a saloon entertainer who played banjo and performed acrobatics. A Denver paper reported that Billings was "not happy unless he was trailing around the streets with Edwards" and that "if his home had any charms for him, said his wife, they had fled and all on account of a banjo player."  Among Westerners there existed a gentleman's agreement that arose from the need to survive in the frontier. One part of this agreement was mutual respect, allowing one "the right to live the life and go the gait which seemed most pleasing to himself." Historian David Dary has written that cowboys "sought to live lives that were free from falsehood and hypocrisy." This frontier code of conduct allowed many people to enjoy open relationships that would have otherwise not been possible.  On the open range, cowboys often developed strong and loyal relationships with each other. The dangers of stampedes and general rigors of the trail required absolute cooperation: a cowboy who could not be relied on found himself outcast. Loyalty was "one of the most notable characteristics of the cowboy," and devotion to one's "pard" was highly regarded. The cowboy expression that one was "in love" with someone could sometimes be taken literally. The Texas Livestock Journal remarked in 1882 that "if the inner history of friendships among the rough, and perhaps untutored cowboys could be written, it would be quite as unselfish and romantic as that as of Damon and [Patroclus]."  Many circumstances contributed to personal closeness on the ranch and trail. Cowboys frequently bedded in pairs with their "bunkie," and a ranch bunkhouse was occasionally called a "ram pasture." Many cowboys engaged in "mutual solace," a tender, expressive, and euphemistic term for sexual relations. Vulgar and explicit "ugly songs" describing phallic size, virility, and sodomy were sung around campfires. In 1920s Nevada, the "sixty-nine" sexual position was common enough among cowboys to warrant its own euphemism, "Swanson neuf."  Gay cowboys continued to be an intrinsic part of the West. In 1957, two Texas cowboys visiting the Mayflower Bar, an Oklahoma City gay bar, described their life as one where there are generally two or three gay cowboys to a ranch, who quietly recognize each other, keeping their identity a secret from the others. While many working horsemen and horsewomen maintain a quiet reticence associated with the broader aspects of ranching culture..."

Canada: -  'Horrible temptations': sex, men, and working-class male youth youth in urban Ontario, 1890-1935 (Full Text) or access via Index Page. Canadian Historical Review, 06, 1997: "... sexual relations between boys and men have generated little interest among historians. There are a few exceptions. Jeffrey Weeks noted some time ago that in late nineteenth-century England working-class youths featured prominently in all the major scandals, like the messenger boys in the Cleveland Street scandal... intriguing discussion of  wolves' and  punks,' an erotic system of intergenerational sex common among seamen, prisoners, and hoboes... Before turning to the homosexual underworld of boys and men, ...As Susan Houston has demonstrated, poor and working-class boys in late-Victorian urban Ontario forged their own  street culture.' Boys  who worked the streets,' Houston has written,  lived in an identifiable society of their own, frequenting the municipal baths and, more often, the pool halls and cheap theatricals.' Less well known is the fact that sites within boys' street culture often overlapped with those in urban homosexual subcultures. In devising their survival strategies, boys gave more than one meaning to  working the street... Gossip about men circulated in the subaltern world of boys. As John said about Moise having sex with boys, all the lads in the bowling alley were telling me about it... For boys who were interested, such talk alerted them to the existence of  men who had sex with boys and where those men could be found... Boys traded sex with men for food, shelter, and admission to the theatre, but most often, in what is best described as a form of casual prostitution, boys exchanged sex for money. David K.'s experience was typical. In 1914, David met a man on Yonge Street..."

Middle East: - Power and Sexuality in the Middle East.

China: - The Cult of Hu Tianbao and the Eighteenth-Century Discourse of Homosexuality N/A (Late Imperial China, 19-1 (June, 1998), 1-25, accessible only via JSTOR. - History of Chinese homosexuality: "The years 1573-1620 marked the most flourishing period of the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644). With great developments in industry and trade, luxurious life-styles also proliferated, according to Li's book. Prostitution was a common practice at that time, due to the moral concept which advocated the acceptance of natural sexual needs, an approach promoted by the neo-Confucian philosopher Wang Yangming. Male prostitutes (gigolos) were widely available to meet their clients' specific requirements."

Taiwan: - Huang HT (2004). Policing Sex: State Power, Prostitution and the Establishment of the Sexual Order Under the Police Offence Law in Postwar Taiwan - Towards a Genealogical Critique of ‘Virtuous Custom’. Paper presented at “By Culture”, the Annual Meeting of Cultural Studies Association, January, Taipei (PDF Download). See section on pilicing male prostitution in Taiwan.

Japan: - "Traditions of same-sex love and cults of youthful male beauty flourished in later centuries, and male prostitution was broadly available throughout the country. There are even public parks which have been cruising spots for hundreds of years and guidebooks devoted to homosexual pleasures published in the 1760's! - History: Japanese Boy Prostututes. - Texto extraido del articulo "urbanismo y transformacion de la sexualidad: de Edo a Tokio" de Chizuko Ueno: "La prostitucion masculina florecio tambien en la ciudad de Edo, en otro barrio de la ciudad, cercano a los teatros. Habia mancebos para clientes masculinos, a menudo para monjes budistas. La zona se llamaba de hecho "mercado de niños". Algunos eran entrenados para, en su madurez, ser actores travestidos de teatro Kabuki. Tambien habia mujeres entre la clientela de estos chicos publicos. Esta documentado incluso un caso en el que un matrimonio compro un chico para compartirlo."

Judaism, Homosexuality & Civilisation: "One of the Aztec gods, Xochipili, was the patron of male homosexuality and male prostitution.... Polybius, the Greek historian who visited Rome in the second century BCE, wrote that most young men had male lovers. And Greenberg notes that "Many of the leading figures in Roman literary life in the late Republic - Catullus, Tibullus, Vergil, and Horace - wrote homophile poetry. " In addition, "male prostitution flourished throughout Italy." The emperor Trajan was known for his love of boys; his successor, Hadrian, put up sculptures of his male lover; and Commodus "kept a little boy, naked except for jewelry, and often slept with him." Tatian, a Christian who lived in Rome in the second century, wrote that the Romans "consider pederasty to be particularly privileged and try to round up herds of boys like herds of grazing mares"... Six hundred years later, When the Jesuit Matteo Ricci visited Peking in 1583 and again in 1609-10, he found male prostitution to be altogether lawful, and practiced openly. To his dismay no one thought there was anything wrong with it. Several hundred years later, European travelers still reported that no one was ashamed of homosexuality... "John Fryer, who traveled to Persia in the late seventeenth century, found that 'The Persians, when they let go their modesty.. covet boys as much as women.' " Another visitor to Persia in the same century, John Chardin, reported that he had found "numerous houses of male prostitution, but none offering females;" and "some of the greatest Persian love poetry is written to boys"...

Ireland (Recent History): - The Dirty Boys of Dublin: (Warning: Some Nude Pictures.) - "But 'Dirty' also means sex. Why run away from it?  As survivors of rape, incest, child prostitution (coppers, priests, counselors - the lot of you!) we have neither innocence nor illusions... In time we hope to expand  this site to include all kinds of information and data helpful and necessary to the survival of our brothers still on the street as well as providing a forum for sharing experiences and useful contacts."  - Information related to The Dirty Boys of Dublin- Excerpt below. 

"The Dirty Boys of Dublin" commentary by Dermod Moore, Hot Press (December, 1998): "I stumbled across an Irish website that wasn't intended for me to see. When I contacted one of the owners, whose photo I recognised from a previous life, he was bemused that I had discovered it, and repeatedly quizzed me as to how I found it... The Dirty Boys of Dublin  is a virtual world of seven guys, who have formed a family of sorts. Most are gay, but not all; three grew up in "care", another three were born into families where drugs were rife, and spells in prison were commonplace. One of them is currently in Mountjoy. What unites them all is that they had all been systematically abused from a very early age, and all had been teenage whores, using sex as a means to an end. These are the boys on the fringes of our society, self-styled junkie rent boys from the inner city, most born in the shadows of the Pro-Cathedral... The website is a place for each of them to tell his own story. These seven statements taken together, as the  author correctly identifies, form a strong challenge to the homogeneity of the World Wide Web.  They are also deeply moving, and leave me, as I'm sure they intend, very angry at the injustices of the world, and most especially at the way children are abused in our society. They also bring home to me my own class-consciousness, to which I usually am blind. I like to think I would listen to the stories of these guys, and guys like them, in real life, if I met them. But where on Earth would I have the opportunity? The only time I did, when I think about it, was in the early eighties, in the Hirschfeld Centre, when there was a sense of community in the gay scene. The quay queens, inner-city rent-boys with pinched white faces, would sashay in to the discos in all their finery, raucous and high as kites, and hysterically funny. They were entertaining us, showing off, earning their right to be there. Occasionally a fight would break out, and a few would be banned for a while, but then they'd be forgiven and let back in... The Dirty Boys have got around this in the classic Irish way; they've told their stories anonymously, to an unseen cyberworld, in confession. Stories of their own heartbreaking childhoods, beatings in jail, abuse from people in charge of their care, well-known paedophile who mysteriously evade police investigation, their own self-loathing and struggle to get out of their own shame cycle, their addictions to sex and smack, their defeats in the courts, their rage at injustice. They say that they're not looking for redemption; others need that, they say, not them... The manifesto pages are deliberately peopled with photos of the faces of dozens of anonymous young boys, taken  from  popular gay websites. They are speaking for them, disempowered, abused, "bad" boys everywhere, and I've never read anything like it. "Sex is power, boys!" they cry, urging the rent-boys of the world to never forget that "seducers and tricks might treat us as sex-slaves, never forget that their desire makes them our slaves!" The best revenge, their motto goes, is living well."

Search GLBTQ: The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture. - Search BGLAD. - Search the QRD. - Search all GLBT Resource Directories. - Search Google.com. - Search Google Scholar. - Search Google's G:LBT Directory. - MSN Search. - Search findarticles.com: many full text articles and papers.

Academic Searches: Search IngentaConnect: The most comprehensive collection of academic and professional publications. - Search Project Muse: Scholarly Journals Online. - Search JSTOR: The Scholarly Journal Archive. - Search The National Library of Medicine.

FILMS/PLAYS:

Pretty Boy: A gritty and haunting story of a 13-year-old boy's coming of age as a Copenhagen street hustler. (Pretty Boy)-  Skin & Bones - What lies do men tell themselves when they get pulled into the world of prostitution - and not just your everyday street-corner hustling? - Johns (1995): "The subject of male prostitution has been avoided like the plague. But Johns tackles the subject without glorifying it nor condemning it." (A film review) - Hustler White (Film Abstract): "Santa Monica Boulevard: the boy toy walk of fame." - Sex, Work And My American Family (Abstract) "is the story of the filmmaker's search for self identity working as an erotic masseur in New York City." - Sex Warriors And The Samurai (Film Abstract): "is the story of a Filipino transgender sex worker." - Midnight Cowboy - Boxoffice Magazine - Explains how the Dustin Hoffman and Jon Voight movie vividly portrays the seamy world of New York's male prostitution. - I Was a Jewish Sex Worker. - 101 Rent Boys - Documentary. (Review) - My Own Private Idaho (Review) (Related Information).

La Virgen de los sicarios (Barbet Schroeder): "Esta pelicula habla sobre la cruda realidad de colonbia y sus barrios marginados,y como los jovenes que estan en continua batalla por la supervivencia de sus vidas,en este caso uno de los protagonistas es Alexis un joven de un barrio marginal colonbiano que se dedica a la prostitucion masculina"

New Independent Film From Michael R Barnard Productions To Explore Teenage Prostitution On The Streets Of Hollywood. ""EVERYBODY SAYS GOODBYE: is a powerful fictional story set in Hollywood when a prostitute-hating killer is killing the boys who regularly hustle sex on the streets. Schneider plays the father who discovers that the son he threw out of his home for being gay might "have been one of the victims." - Everybody Says Goodbye: "It is actually the powerful story of a man fighting to fix mistakes he has made. The story possesses hints of “American Beauty,” “Boys Don’t Cry,” and “Billy Elliot,” yet has its own unique and wonderful personality." (Related Information and Download)  - High-risk behaviors among male street youth in Hollywood, California.

New drama about gay male prostitution plays NYC Fringe Festival in August: “Return of the Wayward Son,” a semi-autobiographical drama by former male hustler BRIAN D. FRALEY about a wide-eyed young gay man who starts selling his body to make extra money and soon finds himself caught up in an increasingly desperate world of drug addiction, empty fantasies and lost chances.

Dinio ejerció la prostitución masculina: A sus 35 años, Dinio García ha desvelado este secreto que le enturbiaba la vida. Pese a que siempre se ha definido heterosexual, a su llegada a España tuvo que vender su cuerpo a hombres por problemas económicos. Vídeo: Dinio se prostituyó porque su abuela estaba enferma.

Going Down and Out in Prague and Prerov: " Such stories are rich pickings for a film director, and Wiktor Grodecki is one director who, with his film "Mandragora" (1997), has been tempted by the age-old theme of the corrupting city. Marek is pretty much your average Czech kid. He hates school, he hates his hometown, Prerov, and he's not overly-enamoured with his father, who, as fathers are prone to, thinks Marek should be hard at his homework while he himself is off down the pub. Marek can't face it any longer and, after dramatically stealing a leather jacket, hops on a train to Prague. He soon runs out of money and even his jacket gets stolen from him. He only has one asset left to fall back on: he's cute - very cute. Marek gets used and abused by a series of pimps and clients. He bears the beatings and the humiliation and becomes something of an expert at his newly-found profession and is able to slickly chat up middle-aged tourists in search of male sex with an under-aged Central European..." - The Belly of the Beast. -  "Mandragora".

APUTHEATRE: Our new production is "The Prostitution Plays". Four strong short plays performed consecutively in three hours of powerful, shocking theatre. Film Shows: "The plays explore the lives of young Eastern European men living and working illegally as prostitutes in Amsterdam. Set in the public spaces of a male brothel, a street bar, an hotel suite and Amsterdam's Central Station, young men of four different Eastern European cultures give us an insight into their experiences of life in "freedom city". Czech, Polish, Romanian and Russian, each have their own history, and each their own responses to the realities that face them here."

Rent-boy tale rises above the street: "A play about sex workers around St Kilda's Shakespeare Grove sounds sleazy, sexy and gratuitous, but as writer and actor Kevin McGreal explains, it's more sensual, and the sex is very much implied. "It's the actors that bring the sexuality to the role," he says. Shakespeare's Boys is a three-hander with McGreal as Ronnie, an ageing rent boy, Juanita Davis as his partner, Tracy, and Nick Ioannidis as Peter, the new kid on the block. It's a story, McGreal explains, of trust, truth and love.

From Fox - The Price of Love: "Fox looks frankly at male teen hustlers ... We could've compromised the film by showing, on the gay issue, that he doesn't want it, he hates it and before he does it again, the police get him and he changes. But we said this is not real." "These young kids keep coming and keep coming over the years," he said. "It never seems to stop. It doesn't get the big headlines, and more or less gets pushed into a corner, falling on organizations like Children of the Night."

Search GLBTQ: The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture. - Search BGLAD. - Search the QRD. - Search all GLBT Resource Directories. - Search Google.com. - Search Google Scholar. - Search Google's G:LBT Directory. - MSN Search. - Search findarticles.com: many full text articles and papers.

Academic Searches: Search IngentaConnect: The most comprehensive collection of academic and professional publications. - Search Project Muse: Scholarly Journals Online. - Search JSTOR: The Scholarly Journal Archive. - Search The National Library of Medicine.

BOOKS

Adolescent Male Prostitution: A Social Work / Youthwork Perspective/ Prevention and Intervention with Male Prostitution - 1994 - by Donald LeTourneau in the book Male Sexual Abuse by Gonsiorek, JC, Walter HB., and LeTourneau D. - Young Men in the Street : Help-Seeking Behavior of Young Male Prostitutes by Cudore L. Snell (1995). (Additional Information)  - Runaway Me: A Survivor's Story N/A (A Blooming Press Co., July, 1994) Books excerpts available, including runaway statistics.  - The Times Square Hustler : Male Prostitution in New York City by Robert P. McNamara. 

Honey, Honey, Miss Thang : Being Black, Gay, and on the Streets - 1996 - by Leon E. Pettiway (1996). (Review). Against My Better Judgment: An Intimate Memoir of an Eminent Gay Psychologist- 1996 - by Roger Brown (Review: "this book is more concerned with 'exploring the love lives of old professors in [their] interaction[s] with young male hustlers', p. 233"). - For Money or Love : Boy Prostitution in America - 1977 - by Robin Lloyd (Abstract). - Men Who Sell Sex: International Perspectives on Male Prostitution and AIDS- 1998 by Peter Aggleton (Ed.).(Alternate Link / Table of Content) (Alternate Link) (Book Review, Journal of Sex Research) - The Boys of Vaseline Alley, true homosexual experiences - 1994 - by Robert N. Boyd (Must scroll to locate abstract).

Travailleurs du sexe / Les Cowboys de la Nuit - 2003 - de Michel Dorais ( Débroussailleur et démystificateur: Dans son nouvel ouvrage, Michel Dorais éclaire le phénomène de la prostitution masculine. - Les Cowboys de la Nuit: Prostitution masculine. - Entretien avec l'auteur de "Travailleurs du sexe": Michel Dorais.). - Prostitué - 2007 - de David Von Grafenberg. - Rent Boys: The World of Male Sex Trade Workers - 2005 - by Michel Dorais. - An Inquiry into Commercial Sex in the Community of Men Who Have Sex with Men in China - 2007 - by Tong Ge, Beijing Gender Health Education Institute.(Article).

El negocio del deseo. La prostitución masculina en San Pablo - 1999 - by Néstor Perlongher.

A Life Story Told in Seven Dream Periods: "Paul A. Winter's new book [The Lingering Scent of a Candle Just Burnt: A Memoir Framed by Seven Dream Periods] details his own turbulent life through seven recurring dreams. His book describes his own erratic upbringing and brings forth the awareness of teen male prostitution in South Africa.

Males for Sale - 2006 - by Ayse Kudat: Dogan Publishing. Istanbul. Turkey (Summary: Word Download).

Excerpts From Summary: "Male-only occupations such as mining and construction also significantly contributed to MSM. Paying men to have sex with other men by such means as providing protection, giving gifts, making favors, in-kind payments as well as cash payments became a regular part of MSM. However, male dominated societies have suppressed the acknowledgement of regular MSM, resulting in silince concerning the causes and consequences of MSM, including the sale of young boys and male children for the purpose of sex...Each chapter is filled with case studies based on interviews performed by Ayse Kudat herself and on case studies discovered through her research. These case studies bring the book to life, humanizing the issue while providing real life support for the author’s conclusions. The book also contains an extensive bibliography...

Chapter two includes a historical review of male prostitution and discusses how male dominance in society and a culture of silence has hindered research on this subject. In ancient Greek civilization, for instance, sex between older men and younger boys was part and parcel of the culture. Young boys were taken in by older men for the purpose of being mentored, part of the mentoring process involving sex. In the Roman empire young boys were often sold to men. The chapter looks at the important role of young boys in the elite classes and lives of Roman emperors. There is also a look at the role of boys and young men in Christianity and a look at the role of boys in ancient Indian temples and then through the British colonial period. Other historical accounts include research from the Japanese, Chinese and Ottoman empires.

The historical review then looks at male prostitution in the recent past of countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Africa, and Latin America. In conclusion, the chapter shows that males for sale have always been a part of civilizations around the world, and increasingly class issues have cropped up, where slaves were not only used for labor but also for sex. Sodomy became legally acceptable or not acceptable at different times throughout history depending on the views of the ruling class. Here the book shows that male prostituion has always existed, and asks whether we will ever be able to solve its problems...

In much of North Africa, America and Europe, pedophelia is endemic. Many young boys run away from home and end up in the sex market. What does current research say? What can we find in movies, literature and fiction? This chapter also reviews scientific studies on the subject and goes over numbers and statistics, asking “what are the common characteristics of males for sale?” Then the chapter goes through examples from various countries and discusses the different forms of male prostitution. Research shows that there are as many male prostitutes as female, but the issue of male prostitution has not received as much attention and therefore the issue is not properly understood...

Factors such as extreme poverty, incest, rape, the desire to prevent the fragementation of a family’s estate, the fact that the child may not be wanted, have been among the more frequent reasons for the abandonment of children. In history it was assumed that if you abandoned your child someone with a good heart would take it in. In Roman literature, for example, there is the tale of Romulus and Remus being abandoned in the woods where a she-wolf raises them until they grow up and found the city of Rome, becoming rulers. Males for Sale cites many other specific examples, for instance in Lyon, France in the 18th century it is estimated that one out of three children were abandoned. Current examples are cited, such as a study showing that many families in London are selling children to merchants knowing that they will be used for sex. The book looks at how abuse of children takes place in institutions. Examples are given of children being abused in nursery schools, in boarding schools, modern sex slavery, and how children are also used for trade in drugs and arms. Males for Sale asks, what will happen now? What is the main problem? What happens to these male prostitutres as a result of their activities? Health issues, suicide, etc. What are the life risks that they take?.."

A Consumer's Guide To Male Hustlers - 1999 - by Joseph Itiel. Harrington Park Press. Review: Make your professional debut / Hire a hustler & enjoy what you paid for. "...Itiel recommends the model/masseur - men with apartments and telephones and Daytimers and an understanding of the kinds of behaviour likely to gratify the middle classes.

Male Prostitution  - 1993 - by Donald J. West: Haworth Gay & Lesbian Studies - Abstract and Contents available via Haworth Press' - Online Catalogue. Place "male prostitution" in search window.

Suburban Hustler: Stories of a Hi-Tech Callboy by Aaron Larrence - Chapter online - First of the twenty-four stories in the book. In it I go back and relive the first time I ever escorted.- Male Escort's Handbook.

Lady Boys, Tom Boys, Rent Boys: Male and Female Homosexualities in Contemporary Thailand - 1999 - by Peter Jackson, Ed. Also to be published in Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 9(2.3) - Abstracts at BUBL. Two relevant sections (papers): The Friends Thou Hast: Support Systems for Male Commercial Sex Workers in Pattaya, Thailand and Between Money, Morality, and Masculinity: The Dynamics of Bar-Based Male Sex Work in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. Book Abstract and Contents available via Haworth Press'  Online Catalogue. Place "Lady boys" in search window. (Review)

Military Trade - 1999 - by Steven Zealand, author/editor. "...challenges assumptions about both chaser and chased and poses pointed questions about the wisdom of those who seek to divide the world into 'straight' and 'gay.'" Book Abstract and Contents available via Haworth Press'  Online Catalogue. Place "Military Trade" in search window. (A lover of Soldiers) (A smart and sexy exploration of the question: Why do gay men love men in the military?)

Understanding the Male Hustler - 1991 - by Samuel M. Steward, "...understanding of the causes and impulses (beyond the popular "broken home syndrome") that lead young males into prostitution." Book Abstract and Contents available via Haworth Press'  Online Catalogue. Place "Male Hustler" in search window.

Male Order: Life Stories from Boys Who Sell Sex - 1995 - by Barbara Gibson (Abstract). Related information referenced in Young People and Prostitution from a Youth Service Perspective by O'Neill, M, Green, J. and Mulroy, S. in Child Prostitution ed D. Barrett. London, The Childrens Society.  A short review in AIDS Book Review Journal. Must scroll to locate review.

Youth prostitution in the new Europe - the growth of sex work - 2000 - edited by David Barrett from the University of Luton: The increase in youth prostitution across Europe is the focus of a new book... "Youth prostitution in the new Europe." (Review: "One of the problems faced by the authors is that real information on the subject is limited in many countries. People do not like to admit that child prostitution exists, (particularly in relation to boys in some parts of the world), and very little research has been done. It is a covert activity and no-one involved wants to admit to it, whether they are pimps, punters or the children themselves. In consequence, many of the chapters use a lot of space discussing prostitution in general, and then tag on whatever data there are about children."

La prostitucion masculina - 1993 - by Nestor Osvaldo Perlongher. Information about the Argentine author.

Prostitution: les uns, les unes et les autres - 1994 - by Daniel Welzer-Lang. (Information about Author) (Abstract - Must scroll to locate.). Related information  (in French) in L'homophobie: la face cachée du masculin) by author. Reports on male prostitution in Lyon.

Des Transgenders et le Brouilage des Identites sur ;le marche de la prostitution. (Summary by L. Mathieu et Daniel Welzer-Lang.

La prostitution clandestine - 1989 - by Eva Thomas (Sunmary in French - Must scroll to locate.)

Prostitucion Masculina: Estudio Psicosocial En Nuestro Contexto - 1996 - by Rafael Ballester Arnal.

HIV/AIDS Prevention Project for Male Sex Workers in Metro Manila: final report. (ISBN - 9718508139) Related information by the report's principal author (Michael Lim Tan) in Theory and Method in HIV Prevention Projects The Philippine Experience N/A.

Prostitucion masculina: estudio psicosocial en nuestro contexto - 1996 - by Rafael Ballester Arnal. Male prostitution in Valencia, Spain. Information about author.

Hustlers, Escorts, and Porn Stars: The Insider's Guide to Male Prostitution in America by Matt Adams. Book's Home Page. Hustlers, Escorts, and Porn Stars; The Insider's Guide to Male Prostitution in America by Matt Adams

Hustling: A Gentleman's Guide to the Fine Art of Homosexual Prostitution - 1994 - by John Preston. See Dan's review of My Life as a Pornographer & Other Indecent Acts - 1993 - by  John Preston.

Prostitution: On Whores, Hustlers, and Johns - 1998 - edited by John Alias, et al. Sections on male prostitution. Book Review.

Assuming the Position: A Memoirs of Hustling - 1999 - by Rick Whitaker (Abstract). (Review) (Review). "What we have in this little book, then, are not just the confessions of an unhappy hooker but the musings of a philosopher of carnality. "Assuming the Position" will tell you everything you ever wanted to know about selling the body and will satisfy your nostalgie de la boue in a very muddy way. But it will also stimulate your soul.

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GENERAL:

The Category "Prostitute" in Scientific Inquiry. - "There is no such thing as The Prostitute; there are only competing versions of prostitution. The Prostitute is an invention of policy-makers, researchers, moral crusaders, and political activists ... The Prostitute functions as a “magic sign” whose meaning always exceeds its definition." (From the book "Sex and Borders: Gender, National Identity, and Prostitution Policy in Thailand" - 2002 - by Leslie Ann Jeffrey. PDF Download of the Introduction from UBC Press. Chapter 1 is also available.) - Reconceptualizing prostitution.

Reported in "A Theory of Prostitution" by Lena Edlund and Evelyn Korn (2001, Institute for International Economic Studies: PDF Download): Ford [21] analyzed a sample of street prostitutes in Montreal matched with a sample of hospital workers in 1993. 20 female and 26 male prostitutes were matched with hospital orderlies. Other than gender, the matching was done on the basis of marital status, number of years on the job, and time of shifts worked (evening versus day). The prostitutes had higher earnings than orderlies, and female prostitutes earned more than male prostitutes (among orderlies, men earned more than women). Whereas no orderlies of either sex earned more than CAD 50,000 a year, 75 percent of the female and 35 percent of the male prostitutes did so. This despite the finding that prostitutes had lower educational attainments. In terms of work environment, prostitution and hospital work were surprisingly similar both in terms of perceived stress level, and actual assault rates.

Young People and Prostitution from a Youth Service Perspective by O'Neill, M, Green, J. and Mulroy, S. in Child Prostitution ed D. Barrett. London, The Children's Society. - Amoc/DHV: Questionnaire for organisations working with male sex-workers.

Health Messages Fail to Reach Male Sex Workers: "It is difficult to target male sex workers with safer-sex messages and health services, because many of them work independent of brothels or parlors, according to a commentary that appeared in the April 14, 2001 edition of the journal, The Lancet.To make matters worse, male sex workers are less inclined to seek health services because of the stigma attached to their profession... wrote Adrian Mindel, researcher, Westmead Hospital in Sydney, Australia and Claudia Estcourt, researcher, Barts Sexual Health Center in London, England. "By contrast, with a few notable exceptions, the male commercial sex industry is mostly hidden."

Cross-cultural Studies of Male Sex-Workers: Exploring Same-Gender Prostitution - by Bruce Freeman. Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary. - HIV/AIDS and Prostitution: The Top 25 Resources. - A literature review of the sexual health needs of commercial sex workers and their clients. - Impact de l'infection et de la prévention chez les sex workers.

Children & Prostitution: How Can We Measure and Monitor The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children? Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography - A collaboration between UNICEF Headquarters, New York, Children in Especially Difficult Circumstances Section, Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge and Childwatch International - by   Judith Ennew, Kusum Gopal, Janet Heeran and Heather Montgomery (Second edition, with additional material prepared for the Congress Against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, Stockholm, 26-31 August, 1996).

Reaching Out: Male and Female Sex Workers - Durban, 10 July 2000: "The session entitled Reaching Out: Male and Female Sex Workers brought together presenters from the US, Russian Federation, Germany, Morocco, and the U.K.. In a diverse session where papers were delivered on research and prevention activities targeting male body workers, male and female commercial street sex workers, and men of different social classes who have sex with men."

Acknowledging the Continuum From Childhood Abuse to Male Prostitution. - Information related to a 16-year-old San Francisco male who has been engaging in prostitution. - Health and Health Needs of Homeless and Runaway Youth. - Boys in the sex business (Social Work). 

Reprinted from Whores and Other Feminists, Jill Nagle, ed., New York: Routledge, 1997. It's Different for Boys. - Demographic Information and Sex Work in Canada: How male and female sex workers in Canada differ.

Camille Paglia Sides with G.O.P. Bigots & Southern Baptists Anti-Lesbian Lesbian Equates Male Homosexuality with Prostitution. - Male prostitution in the arts.

Prostitution Resources. - Male Sex Aork Advocates. - The Humsafar Trust. - NAZ Foundation International. - Male Prostitution: Wikipedia. 

Gayscape's "escort" listing. - HookOnline.org'd s Article Index. - Article Archives. - Interviews. New HookOnline Site: Issues. Resources. - Resources for Sex Workers by Spread Magazine.

UK-NSWP (United Kingdom Network of Sex Work Projects, 2004). Response to "Paying The Price". PDF Download

Excerpts from Section 4: "Male Sex Work": "The majority of early research into male prostitution is largely based on street workers*. This is reflected in "Paying the Price." Indeed, while the document does state in the introduction (section 1,4) that the term prostitute, used throughout the document “should be taken to mean both men and women unless otherwise specified”, there is no substantive analysis of the issues for male sex workers, or distinction regarding how these issues may be different (or similar) to those of female sex workers. Male sex workers are mostly ‘invisible’ within the consultation document...

Most of the consultation document focuses on the stereotypical perception of sex workers as ‘victims of abuse’ who have been coerced into sex work (Introduction, 1.3.1, 1.3.2). The reality for male sex workers is that, whilst there are significant numbers of individuals across the UK who have become involved in the selling of sex due to social disadvantage and problematic family histories, on the whole research conducted by the Working Men’s Project (WMP) and the experience of other projects in our network, such as the Armistead Project, is that many men make an informed choice about selling sex within a range of available options...

The majority of men selling sex in the UK are not coerced or trafficked, do not have pimps or inappropriate relationships with other individuals who ‘control’ their movements. They may be ‘managed’ in a loose sense of the word, by brothel owners or escort agency managers, who may require a commitment to working agreed hours/shifts, etc, but the individual sex worker chooses when to work and how to work (e.g. what sexual activities will be engaged in). N.B. This is not to deny the cases of younger men, for example in care situations, who are coerced by their peers or exploitative adults into selling sex. Some projects in our network support such individuals...

The reality of male sex work in relation to abuse and vulnerability needs to be considered along a continuum. There are those men who have been coerced, who have been ‘damaged’ by their involvement in the selling of sex, who are at one end of that continuum. Young men selling sex are often perceived as “delinquent” rather than vulnerable, so younger men selling sex and their service needs remain largely unseen. The exploitation of young males is often ignored because society often fails to recognize that young men are vulnerable...

Some projects report one of the reasons men may becoming involved in selling sex is linked to issues of rejection from family and society due to their sexual identify. It is important to recognize these complex issues that shape some men’s experience of sex work. “Many of the men we work in Merseyside are very much in control of their own activities yet there are number of men, who as far as we know are the minority, who are controlled by others, usually using emotional manipulation. There are bigger issues also. Homophobia and rejection from sections of the straight community. Also the gay community itself, can react negatively and aggressively to men who sell sex. I think this needs to be looked at more.” (Manager, Gay Men’s Project, Merseyside)...

But for most men involved in the selling of sex, working off-street through brothels, the Internet or from adverts in the gay press, their difficulties with finding accommodation are no more or less than other young men in the general population. A significant number of male sex workers are homosexually identified (78% of those registered with the WMP identify as gay), and often it is their sexuality, rather than their nvolvement in sex work which can present difficulties with finding safe and secure longterm accommodation...

Most of the published research relating to male sex work demonstrates that many men first started to sell sex before the age of 18 years of age (Connell & Hart, 2003), yet many also admit to engaging in consensual non-paid sex before the age of 16 years (as it the case for the majority of the population), however it would be untrue to claim that the majority of the population had been ‘sexually abused or exploited’. The organised commercial scene is self-regulating around the protection of young people...

Male sex workers are most at risk from isolation. This isolation is often three fold: ... These factors combined increase the invisibility of male sex workers, often making it necessary for them to live a ‘double life’ – student, boyfriend, companion, employee by day, and sex worker by night. This leads to increased vulnerability, difficultly in accessing appropriate health and social services, under reporting of crime (on the rare occasions they are victims of crime), and increased sexual risk taking behaviour..."

Lankenaua SE, Clatts MC, Well D, Goldsam LA, Gwadz MV (2005). Street careers: homelessness, drug use, and sex work among young men who have sex with men (YMSM). International Journal of Drug Policy. 16: 10–18. PDF Download.

Excerpt: " Through the narrative accounts of 10 young men, we detailed a kind of developmental process of the accumulation of street capital that preceded surviving on the streets as hustlers or sex workers.We argued that through their experiences in a number of varied institutions—the family, foster care, school, drug treatment, hospitals, jail—these young men gathered fragments of knowledge that we described as street capital. Once homeless, youths became familiar with the experiences and settings of homelessness—often recognizing aspects of homelessness from childhood and adolescence. Formerly diverse, disparate types of street capital and street competencies coalesced into street careers as sexworkers that not only made sense to the youth, but also formed the basis for a pragmatic way of surviving on the streets. While the speed of initiating a career within the street economy varied, the previous life history accounts suggest that these youth began to accumulate street capital and develop street competencies at an early age.

Older males—gang members, drug dealers, and sex work clients—offered emotional and financial support that opened pathways into the street economy. In certainways, these male figures—some a few years older while others as old as their biological fathers—filled gaps left by their parents. For some young men, an uncommitted sexual identity followed a history of emotional and sexual experiences with both older and younger males and younger females. This ambiguity around sexuality coupled with more immediate material and physical needs for housing and drugs may have fostered openness to trading sex for money. Ultimately, entry into sexwork marked a period of crisis for all of these young men—homelessness, failed relationships with parents or girlfriends, release from institutions without job prospects, and escalating drug habits..."

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Full Text Articles / Papers / Studies / Reports (and/or Abstracts):

Allman, Dan (1999). A pour ACTES, M pour MUTUELS: Le travail du sexe au masculin et le sida au Canada. Santé Canada. Full Text.

Allman, Dan (1999). M is for MUTUAL, A is for ACTS: Male Sex Work and AIDS in Canada. Health Canada. Full Text.

Arent M, Strey MN ('1997'). Introdução ao tema da prostituição masculina (breves aportes sobre la prostituición masculina). Full Text.

Azaola E  (2000). Boy and Girl Victims of Sexual Exploitation in Mexico.  UNICEF-DIF. PDF Download.

Bernier L, Trépanier J (1994). Situations d'enfance en danger: la fugue et la prostitution chez les mineurs. PDF Download. Word Download. Download Page. 

Bittle, Steven (2002). Youth Involvement in Prostitution: a literature review and annotated bibliography. Research and Statistics Division, Department of Justice Canada. PDF Download.

Bittle, Steven (2002). La prostitution chez les jeunes: analyse documentaire et bibliographique annotée. Division de la recherche et de la statistique, ministère de la Justice du Canada. PDF Download.

Bousfiha S, Fdail M, Abdelhadi M, Owens C (2006). The Perception of Male Prostitution in Morocco.  PDF Download. 

Doctors For Life ('1998'). The decriminalization of Prostitution in South Africa: Medical and social reasons for keeping prostitution illegal. Word Download.

ECPAT International (2001). The Sex Exploiter.  World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: Yokohama. PDF Download.

ECPAT International (2001). L'exploiteur sexuel. Congrès mondial contre l'exploitation sexuelle des enfants à des fins commerciales: Yokohama. PDF Download.

ECPAT International (2001). El Explotador Sexual: Congreso Mundial contra la Explotación Sexual Comercial de los Niños: Yokohama. PDF Download.

Estes, Richard J (2001). The sexual exploitation of Children: A Working Guide to the Empirical Literature. PDF Download.

Family Health International (2004). Reaching Out To Bring Young Haitians In: FHI Helps Two Organizations Work With Youth In High – Risk Settings. PDF Download.

Finkelhor D, Ormrod R (2004). Prostitution of Juveniles: Patterns From NIBRS. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, June. PDF Download.

Ford K, Wirawan DN, Fajans P (1993). AIDS knowledge, condom beliefs and sexual behaviour among male sex workers and male tourist clients in Bali, Indonesia. PDF Download - PDF Download.

Freeman, Bruce (1999). Cross-cultural Studies of Male Sex-Workers: Exploring Same-Gender Prostitution. Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary. Full Text.

Girault, Philippe et al (2000). Sexual behaviors, STIs and HIV Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Famil Hralth International. PDF Download.

Grimes, Tara et al (2001). Such a Taboo: An analysis of service needs and service provisions for male in prostitution in the eastern region [of Ireland]. Irish Network Male Prostitution & East Coast Area Health Board. PDF Download.

Hegna, Kristinn (2003). Om å holde seg for god - Ungdom som selger eller bytter seksuelle tjenester. Paper presented at the Nordisk Ungdomsforskningssymposium Center for ungdomsforskning, RUC, Roskilde. PDF Download.

Jenkins CL, Saidel T, Ahmed SK, Faisal MM, Khan SD, Rahman H (2005). Male sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Risk reduction through effective intervention.  PDF Download. Download Page.

Khan S (2005). Assessment of sexual health needs of males who have sex with males in Laos and Thailand: Some reference resources. Naz Foundation International. PDF Download. 

Khan SI, Buiya AU, Uddin ASMJ (2004). Application of the capture-recapture method for estimating number of mobile male sex workers in a port city of Bangladesh. Journal of Health, Poulation and Nutrition, 2004, 22(1)19-26. PDF Download. Download Web Page.

Kidd SA, Kral MJ (2002). Suicide and prostitution among street youth: a qualitative analysis. Adolescence, 37(146): 411-30. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com.

Lankenaua SE, Clatts MC, Well D, Goldsam LA, Gwadz MV (2005). Street careers: homelessness, drug use, and sex work among young men who have sex with men (YMSM). International Journal of Drug Policy. 16: 10–18. PDF Download.

Machado, Joani de Nazaré Campos; Silva, Silvia Cristina de Souza SILVA(2002). Perfil psicossocial da prostituição masculina em Belém. Universidade da Amazônia. Belém-Pará. PDF Download.

Mai N, Gaffnet J, Price A (2003). Report on pilot study on male sex workers migratory behavior [Europe]. ENMP. PDF Download.

MAP [Monitoring The AIDS Epidemic] Report (2005). Male-Male Sex and HIV/AIDS in Asia. PDF Download.

Mariño R, Minichiello V, Disogra C (2003). Male sex workers in Córdoba, Argentina: sociodemographic characteristics and sex work experiences. Rev Panam Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health 13(5), 311-19. PDF Download.

Maynard, Steven (1997). 'Horrible temptations': sex, men, and working-class male youth youth in urban Ontario, 1890-1935. Canadian Historical Review, 78(2): 191-135. PDF Download. Or: access via Index Page.

McIntyre S (2005). Under the Radar: The Sexual Exploitation of Young Men. Internet: http://www.child.gov.ab.ca/whatwedo/pcse/pdf/undertheradar.pdf.

McIntyre, Susan (2002). Le Long Parcours. Study of 50 youth (41 females, 9 males) in Calgary involved with prostitution. Word RTF Download. PDF Download.

McIntyre, Susan (2002). Strolling Away. Study of 50 youth (41 females, 9 males) in Calgary involved with prostitution. Word RTF Download.  PDF Download.

McNamara, Robert P (1992?). The Social Organization of Male Prostitution in Times Square. Full Text.

Minichiello V, Mariño R, Browne J, Jamieson M, Peterson K, Reuter B, Robinson K (2000). Commercial Sex Between Men: A Prospective Diary-Based Study. Journal of Sex Research, 37(2): 151-60.  Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com. (Journal of Sex Research: Table of Contents)

Muhammad T, Zafar N (2006). Situational analysis report on prostitution of boys in Pakistan (Lahore & Peshawar). ECPAT INternational & Pakistan Pediatric Association. PDF Download.

Niu GA (2000). `Easy Money in Male Prostitution’: an imperialist Apocalypse Now in the Philippines. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 14(1): 91-106. PDF Download.

Pecheny M, Manzelli H (2003). HIV/AIDS among Latin American MSM: tailoring programmes to their specific needs. Sexual Health Exchange. Full Text.

Pheterson, Gail (1990). The Category "Prostitute" in Scientific Inquiry. The Journal of Sex Research, 27: 397-407. Full Text.

Pryce, Anthony (2003). Flesh: The historical construction of male sex work.Paper presented at "Hidden Stories Conference" in Stockholm, Sweden. PDF Download.

Rosier, Janine (2002-2003). Rapport sur le projet de loi pour la sécurité intérieure : les dispositions relatives à la prostitution. Rapport D'information 34 (2002-2003) - Delegation Du Senat Aux Droits Des Femmes Et A L'égalite Des Chances Entre Les Hommes Et Les Femmes. Tables des matières. PDF Download.

Save The Children Sweden (2005). Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Chilcren: A situational analysis of Pakistan PDF Download.

Saphira M (2002). Child prostitution in New Zealand. Social Work Now: The practice journal of child youht and family, August: 6-13. PDF Download.

Sappe, Robin (2000). Le SIDA et les rapports sexuels entre hommes en Afrique Noire. PDF Download.

Serre, Anne (1996). Prostitution : succès et impasses de la prévention. Revue critique de l'actualité scientifique internationale sur le VIH et les virus des hépatites, 49. Full Text.

Stockholm Hearing Report (2004). "Hidden Stories": Male Sex Work in Northern Europe. PDF Download.

Trumbull, Charles (2002). Prostitution and Sex Tourism in Cuba. Cuba in Transition, 11: 356-71. PDF Download. Download Web Page.

Uy JM, Parsons JT, Bimbi DS, Koken JA, Halkitis PN (2004). Gay and bisexual male escorts who advertise on the Internet: understanding reasons for and effects of involvement in commercial sex. International Journal of Men's Health, Spring. Full Text. Full Text.

Valera RJ, Sawyer RG, Schiraldi GR (2000). Violence and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Sample of Inner City Street Prostitutes. American Journal of Health Studies, 16(3).  Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com. PDF Download.

Van Gelder P (2005). Hoe jongens in de prostitutie beginnen. Artikel geschreven op verzoek van het Informatiepunt Jeugprostitutie, TransAct, Utrecht. Dit artikel is gebaseerd op hoofdstuk 4, paragraaf 3, in: Paul van Gelder, Kwetsbaar, kleurig en schaduwrijk. Jongens met prostitutiecontacten: een verschijnsel in meervoud. Amsterdam: Thela-Thesis, 1998. PDF Download.

Vanwesenbeec I (2000). Another decade of social scientific work on sex work: A review of research 1990-2000. Annual Review of Sex Research, 12, 242-287.. Full Text.

Wahab, Stephanie (2002). "For their own good?": sex work, social control and social workers, a historical perspective. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 29(4):  Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com. Table of Contents.

Weber AE, Craib KJ, Chan K, Martindale S, Miller ML, Schechter MT, Hogg RS (2001). Sex trade involvement and rates of human immunodeficiency virus positivity among young gay and bisexual men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 30(6) :1449-54. Discussion: 1455-6.  PDF Download. Full Text. PubMed Abstract.

Weitzer R (2005). New directions in research on prostitution. Crime, Law & Social Change, 43: 211–235. PDF Download.

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