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A GLBTQ EDUCATION INTERNET RESOURCES Homosexuality: Innate? Learned?

Index: Homosexuality:  Biological  or  Learned ? -  - Public School Issues -  - Transgender / Transvestite / Transsexual -  - Lesbian  &  Bisexual Women -  - Homo-Negativity / Phobia -  - Identity Formation  &  Coming Out -  - Counseling  &  Therapy -  - Professional Education  -  - Bisexuality -  - Religion   &  Spirituality -  - Male  Youth Prostitution -  - HIV-AIDS -  - Gay & Bisexual Male Suicide Problems -  - GLBT  History -  - Community Attributes  &  Problems -  - Drug / Alcohol Use / Abuse / Addiction  -  - Couples / Families / Children / Adoption / Spousal Violence -  - The Elderly -  - Race/Ethnic Minority Issues: U.S., Canada, Europe,  New Zealand & Australia -  -  Latin America / Africa -  - Middle East / Asia

Homosexuality: Is It Biological ? or Learned ?

To "The SEARCH Section" For...
The Best Search Engines & Information Directories, The Searchable Sites to Locate Papers & Abstracts...
And The Sites - Some Searchable - Where "Free Papers" Are Available!

Biological Determination Of Sexuality Heating Up As A Research Field (The Scientist, Jan 8, 1996).- Is homosexuality genetic? A critical review and some suggestions. - Some of the ongoing research on the genetics of homosexuality and on masculinity, femininity, and sexual orientation by J. Michael Bailey. - Are people straight or gay? Most theories say yes. - The Question of Questions: Beyond Binary Thinking. (Google Cache) - Sexual Gender: This essay will show you how gender is a lot less 'black and White' than we have always believed. - From limp wrist to long finger (New Statesman). - The Binary Oppositions of Inclusive Identities. - An Interview with my Inner Critic. - Now What? The Latest Theory of Homosexuality. - Searching for the Sin Gene. - Defining terms used in working with male-to-male sex: PDF Download. - New Genetics Study Undermines Gay Gene Theory. (Alternate Link). The Gay Gene: What does it matter? - Sniffing Out the Gay Gene. - Homosexuality is natural. - 1,500 animal species practice homosexuality (Alternate Link).  - Saint Aelred the Queer: The Surprising History of Homosexuality and Homophobia.  - Gay By Choice? The Science of Sexual Identity: If science proves sexual orientation is more fluid than we've been led to believe, can homosexuality still be a protected right? - Queer physiognomies; or, how many ways can we do the history of sexuality? - Heroic Heretical Heterosexuality. - Are there asexuals among us? On the possibility of a "fourth" sexual orientation. - Homosexual selection: The power of same-sex liaisons.

The Portrayal of Research into Genetic-Based Differences of Sex and Sexual Orientation: A Study of "Popular" Science Journals, 1980 to 1997: "The study uncovered a number of enduring images of genetic research and genetic differences that underlie shifts in research foci evident during this period. The article discusses the nature of these images and implicit gender and heterosexist biases and argues the case for further analysis of how the media portrays genetic difference." - Constructing the ‘Gay Gene’ in the News: Optimism and Skepticism in the US and British Press.. Cultural Context and the Conventions of Science Journalism: Drama and Contradiction in Media Coverage of Biological Ideas about Sexuality. - Science reporting to the public: Does the message get twisted? - Genes and Psychology in The News by Carl Ratner (New Ideas in Psychology, 2004, 22, in press: Download Page) (PDF Download). - Sex and Race in the Long Shadow of the Human Genome Project - 2005 - by Roger N. Lancaster. - Jurassic Park and the "Gay Gene": The new genetics seen through the distorting lens of the media. - The gay baby: Science may soon allow you to predict - and even alter - the sexual orientation of your unborn child. If that happens, no matter what you believe about gay rights or abortion, life will never be the same. - My top ten reasons for believing that there is a genetic component to homosexuality (Word Download). - Homosexuality is biological, not just genetic. - I'm gay, but I'm not sure it's genetic. - Metaphysics, Science, Homosexuality. Are we talking biology or choice? 13 possible causes for homosexuality.  - Causes of Homosexuality: A Christian Appraisal of the Data. - ProCon Summary: Is sexual orientation determined at birth?

A Pre-Birth Determination? Pity the poor fetus. There's a lot coming its way. And now there's talk on a conservative evangelical blog of a hypothetical hormone patch that an expectant mother might wear to eradicate her fetus's natural gayness. The patch, the biological determinism: It's all conjecture, for now..."  - Born That Way? Facts and Fiction about homosexuality. - Choosing the Sexual Orientation of Children: "This paper considers the moral and legal implications of such procedures (whether or not they would work). It is argued that the availability of procedures to select the sexual orientation of children would contribute to discrimination and prejudice against lesbians, gay men and bisexuals and, more generally, undermine the maintenance of a just society." - Is Your Baby Gay? What If You Could Know? What If You Could Do Something About It? - A Critique of Schüklenk and Brookey: “Biomedical Research on Sexual Orientation: Researchers Taking Our Chances in Homophobic Societies”: "They develop several themes of which the most radical appear to be that “research has no value of its own” and that the products of research may be used for evil purposes, that we should greatly fear advances in knowledge, and (at least by implication) that we should put a stop to research and to advancing knowledge on the origins of sexual orientation." - The Ethics of Genetic Research on Sexual Orientation. (Alternate Link) - Gay Times: The origins of homosexuality are uncertain and hotly debated. Is it biologically defined? A free choice? And, ultimately, does it matter? - How homosexuality is 'inherited'. - Consider Dilemma of a ‘Gay Gene’…If One Exists. The great dangers of assuming a 'gay gene' based on reports that gay males are more like females in a number of ways, including in their brains: Girl brain, boy brain? Male Brains and Female Brains: Nature or Nurture?

Gay dolphins: Biologists Claim to have found evidence of homosexual relationships between dolphins. - Wild dolphins off Brazil engage in homosexual behavior. - Gay penguins : the love that dare not squeak its name. - They're in love. They're gay. They're penguins... And they're not alone. - Central Park Zoo's gay penguins ignite debate. - Scientists engineer gay fruit flies. - Homosexual behavior in wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii).. - Researchers discover gay orangutans. (Alternate Link) - Lesbian Japanese monkeys challenge Darwin's assumptions. - Sexual Partner Preference in Female Japanese Macaques: "Whether animals ever exhibit a preference for same-sex sexual partners is a subject of debate... Thus, in some populations of Japanese macaques, females prefer certain same-sex sexual partners relative to certain male mates, and vice versa. Taken together, this evidence suggests that female Japanese macaques are best characterized as bisexual in orientation, not preferentially homosexual or preferentially heterosexual." - Homosexuality is biological, suggests gay sheep study. (Alternat Link). - Origin of homosexuality unresolved despite study. - Evolutionary Origins of Homosexuality.

The dangers of labeling non-humans as being "gay":  - The Science of Gaydar: "But for most in the animal kingdom, same-sex pairing is either fleeting or situational. Even Silo and Roy, for six years the poster-penguins for same-sex love in the Central Park Zoo—they famously raised a daughter together—were not destined to last forever. Silo waddled off with a female named Scrappy in 2005, says zoo director Dan Wharton, adding that we shouldn't worry about Roy's hurt feelings. "Penguins are matter-of-fact about these things." - Flap over a tale of gay penguins: "But the twist in the tale - which is not touched on in the book - would please social conservatives who see gay marriage as a threat to society. In real life the gay penguins of Central Park split up last year after Silo took up with a female penguin called Scrappy." - The Penguin is Political. - Gay penguin couple split when the bi guy finds traditional mate. - Bi penguin couple become parents at German zoo.

'Gay' Sheep Controversy: - Of Gay Sheep, Modern Science and Bad Publicity: " Dr. Roselli, a researcher at the Oregon Health and Science University, has searched for the past five years for physiological factors that might explain why about 8 percent of rams seek sex exclusively with other rams instead of ewes... But since last fall, when People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals started a campaign against the research, it has drawn a torrent of outrage from animal rights activists, gay advocates and ordinary citizens around the world — all of it based, Dr. Roselli and colleagues say, on a bizarre misinterpretation of what the work is about. The story of the gay sheep became a textbook example of the distortion and vituperation that can result when science meets the global news cycle..." 'Gay sheep man' fights back. - The politics of gay sheep: How the science of sheep sexuality somehow became a controversial subject. - Brokeback Mutton: gay sheep and human destiny: just up the road from Brokeback Mountain, closeted away in their own private Idaho, the gay sheep were getting it on. Well, it wasn't exactly private. They were doing it in front of scientists at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station near the Idaho-Montana-Wyoming border. The scientists arranged the trysts. It's called "sexual partner preference testing." - Scientists try to turn gay sheep straight. - Martina Navratilova Slams 'Gay Sheep' Experiments.  - On Gay Sheep and Shepherds. Google Search: "Gay Sheep".

Gay flies turned on by heat. - Even the whales are gay down Mexico way. *Note: "gay" is a recently invented socially constructed identity, like being "African American" or "French Canadian." Furthermore: behavior does not an identity make! - Homosexual, but not Gay. For challenging concepts, see: Male homosexuality in South Asia: 1, 2. - 'Acadia, Arcadia - what's the difference?' ["Gay" concept, as  it is presently understood, cannot exist where the majority of males know they can enjoy relating sexually with other males and have had such experiences.] - Defining the word gay. - Is Homosexuality a Result of Overshadowing?

History of human sexuality.. - Homosexuality in History. - GLBTQ; Ethnography. - Biased Use of Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Male Homosexuality in Human Sexuality Textbooks. - Semen 'Cults': Melanesia. -  Bernard SERGENT, Homosexualité et initiation chez les peuples indo-européens, Payot & Rivages, 1996. - HN Parker, "The Myth of the Heterosexual: Anthropology and Sexuality for Classicists," Arethusa 34 (2001) 313-62: PDF Download, subscription needed. - Sexuality in Fifth Century Athens: "There is now a very considerable body of evidence to suggest that human sexual behaviour is, to a great extent, socially constructed. That is to say that the way women and men conduct their sexual lives is determined to a marked degree by what a particular society finds acceptable. Before we come to Athens in the fifth century BC, it is instructive to consider the case of Ireland in the 19th and 20th centuries... Sexuality in fifth century Athens was also socially constructed. The basic point here is that human sexuality in Athens was organised to meet the needs of the adult male citizen, whose body was the locus of all power in the state. All other human beings--all women, all slaves, all foreigners, and adolescent aristocratic boys--existed sexually in relation to the adult male citizen and existed for his sexual gratification. Aristocratic women existed to provide, after marriage, legitimate children; all other women were regarded as sexually available to the male citizen, whether they were prostitutes, concubines, or high-class courtesans. Slaves, who were women and boys, the lowest level of society, were similarly sexually available to male citizens. These citizens also engaged in homosexual relationships with adolescent boys between the ages of 12 and 18 from their own class, these relationships being more complicated in their practice and ideology...."

Cultural constructions of male sexualities in India (1995: Word Download): PDF Download, Must Scroll. Socio-cultural constructions of male sexual behaviours in South Asia: Word Download N/A. Khan, Shivananda (2001). Culture, sexualities, and identities: men who have sex with men in India. Journal of Homosexuality, 40(3/4), 99-115: Excerpt. Excerpts. - The Evolution of a Social Construction: The Case of Male Homosexuality.

Gay? it's all in the genes, says UCLA study: "Is there such a thing as a gay gene? Scientists at UCLA have discovered 54 genes in mice which suggest that homosexuality may not be a choice as sexual identity is hard-wired into the brain before birth... While stressing the study was "not about finding the gay gene," Dr Vilain said “the first human implication will be to understand transexualism, which is different than homosexuality.” ...Dr Vilain added that finding the exact gene that results in homosexuality would require considerable more research and added that if future research does determine conclusively that homosexuality is genetic and not a choice, the implications would be huge."

Preference v. Orientation: The Search for a Gay Gene. - 6/12/95 Science, Time Magazine: Search for a gay gene. -  Studies of human body may find causes for homosexuality: Is biology to blame for my being gay?  - Homosexuality: genetic or acquired behavior? An interview with Simon LeVay - Gay Brains. - All in the Genes. - Simon LeVay's Home Page (Includes recent articles). - LeVay Shares Thoughts On 'Gay Gene' Research. - The Biology of Sexual Orientation by Simon Levay. - Queer Science Indeed N/A (Scientific American, Oct., 1997 Book Review: Excerpt, must scroll). - Survival of genetic homosexual traits explained. - Biology not Bigotry. - Origins of Homosexuality? An Evolutionary Perspective. - Is Homosexuality Genetic? - Gay or straight, sexual orientation is in your blood.

Challeging Levay's Findings: "The Interstitial Nuclei of the Human Anterior Hypothalamus: An Investigation of Variation with Sex, Sexual Orientation, and HIV Status: (Alternate Link) "HIV status significantly influenced the volume of INAH1 (8% larger in HIV+ heterosexual men and women relative to HIV- individuals)... Although there was a trend for INAH3 to occupy a smaller volume in homosexual men than in heterosexual men, there was no difference in the number of neurons within the nucleus based on sexual orientation." - Science and Belief: Psychobiological Research on Sexual Orientation (1995).

The genetics of homosexuality. -  xq28 The 'Gene For Geneder' -  Report Suggests Homosexuality is Linked to Genes. - Fingers give tip to sexual orientation. - Homosexuality and Neoteny; Are Homosexuals Maturationally Delayed? (Neoteny Web Site) - Sexual Differentiation of the Central Nervous System. - NPR Letters on the Biological Basis of Homosexuality. - More Evidence that Homosexuality is Genetic. - Homosexual males, their brains and evolution. - A Revolution In Evolution. - Steven Rose is not entirely convinced by Joan Roughgarden's theory of 'social selection' in Evolution's Rainbow. - Evolution of Sexuality.- Evolution's Rainbow. - On adaptive success and theories of homosexuality. - Is Homosexuality Biologically Determined (1992, Related to Levay's work: PDF Download)? - Study of gay brothers may find clues about sexuality. - Do recent neurological studies prove once and for all that homosexuality is biological? 

Researchers believe that they may have found the genetic reason for Lesbianism. - Lesbian women are at least three times as likely as heterosexual women to have a sister who is also a lesbian. - Study Suggests Biological Basis for Lesbianism Researchers Say Hearing Discrepancy Finding Supports Brain Anatomy Theory - (Washington Post article - 3/3/98). - Research links inner ear and sexual preference. - The Relation Between Sexual Orientation and Penile Size. - Genesis of sexual orientation - from Plato to Dorner.

From The Knitting Circle:  School of genetics & bibliography: - Links to press articles relating to homosexuality and genetics. - In Search of the 'Gay Gene' By Jack Lucentini - An article proposing an evolutionary reason for bisexuality. (Alternate Link) - "Gays Go Straight" Paper Unleashes Storm N/A. - The Politics of Homosexuality.

To "The SEARCH Section" For The Best Search Engines & Information Directories, The Searchable Sites to Locate Papers & Abstracts... and The Sites - Some Searchable - Where "Free Papers" Are Available!

Is There a Genetic Basis for Sexual Orientation?  - The Hypothetical Genetics of Sexual Orientation. -  Biological Correlates of being Gay - Biological Determinism? -  The Gay Gene: Assertions, Retraction Biological Determination Of Sexuality: Heating Up As A Research Fields, and Controversy.. - Is there a Biological Basis for Sexual Orientation? - The "Gay Gene" WebSite. Moderated by Chandler Burr, author of A separate creation: the search for the biological origins of sexual orientation (1996). - The Gay Gene: Research and Commentary. - On-Going Studies. -  Why Conservatives Should Embrace the Gay Gene. - A review of current literature provides a compelling body of research linking sexual orientation to genes. But I'd like to play devil's advocate here. - Homosexuality and biology by C. Burr in the Atlantic Monthly. - The Gay Gene: Assertions, Retractions, and Controversy. - Revealing Same-Sex Attraction’s Evolutionary Role: One researcher brings back a dead hypothesis (Paul Vasey, based on fa'afafine in Samoa). 

Do Genes Determine Whether We are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Straight? (The Council for Responsible Genetics) - Links to Critiques of "Gay Gene" Studies. - Are People "Born Gay?" A look at the most cited biological research studies. Quotations from Gay Researchers LeVay and Hamer. - Genetics and Homosexuality: No conclusions can be drawn from studies relating genetics to sexual orientation, according to an October 30, 1996 panel at the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) annual meetings in San Francisco. (Nov. '96: New site does not supply this item). (Gene Letter Review) - Science, 'Gay Genes', and the 'Third Sex' by Udo Schüklenk. - But God made me this way (PDF Download). - Demystifying homosexuality.

Born Gay Forum: Paul Billings & Jonathan Beckwith.  - Billings, Paul (1993): Genetic discrimination and behavioral genetics: The analysis of sexual orientation. -  The Gay Gene? (Jeffrey Satinover, M.D.) -  Homosexuality: Nature, Nurture and Compassion (Probe Ministries). -  Science and Sexuality (Anglican, New Zealand). - The New Eugenics: "The problem is that it may eventually become possible not just to cull embryos associated with dwarfism, but also to screen out baldness, pug noses or homosexuality, or even to choose the embryo most likely to get into Yale." - A critical review of recent biological research on human sexual orientation. (Full Text). - Discover Magazine June 2007 Article (PDF Download): Born Gay? Is homosexuality nature or nurture?  Science is homing in on the answer. - Is gender nonconforming behavior in children indicative of adult homosexual orientation?

Gene Scam? (Or access via search) - No "homosexual gene" can be found, new study says. - Is there a homosexuality gene? - Genes influencing male homosexuality identified. - The Search For a "Gay Gene": Quest Finds Few Solid Answers, Opens Up Debate Over Its Merits. - The repressive politics of homosexuality : To suggest, as he does, that homosexuality is changeable threatens the prevailing homosexual credo - that it is inborn and immutable.- Discovery of "Gay Gene" Questioned: Research 1999 - University of Western Ontario. (Related article - Study fails to support existence of a `gay gene'.) - The "Gay Gene" studies. - A gay gene? How about 54 of them? - Science - research on genetic aspects of sexual identity. (Note: All human identities are learned. e.g. Having an "African American" identity is "learned" and did not exist before Black Afican people came to America). - The self-righteous gene: debunking the notion of a gay gene. - Homosexuality: "For years scientists have been attempting to ascertain whether or not homosexual behavior can be linked to a biological catalyst..." - Sexual Orientation Lecture Notes. Lesbigay Special Interest Group of NAFSA: Association of International Educators: About 400 human sexualities. - Why Are We Gay? (The Advocate, 2001). - Genetic essentialism and social deviance: an anthology: Paper in Book: Deviance and Deviants. 

The great nature/nurture debate. - Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture. - Science tried to find deviancy in our faces, ears and genes. - Homosexuality, the causes. - Homosexuality: biologically or environmentally constructed. - Theories of Sexualities; "Queer in Germany: Sexual Culture and National Discourses". - Homosexuality: An Analysis of Biological Theories of Causation. -  NGLTF Statement on NIH Genetic Study on Homosexuality. - L'homosexualité : innée ou acquise? - Homosexualité : une origine génétique… peu convaincante. - The origins of sexuality. - Is there a straight gene? - Essentialized Social Categories I: Gender Essentialism. - Implications of the Transsexual Identity: "Although the exact science behind transgender identity is still undetermined, it is generally agreed upon in the scientific (and cultural) community that there are direct biological causes for transsexuality.  A transsexual individual, born one sex but associating their gender identity with the opposite sex, is born with this identity..." - Major Theorists on the Origin of Sexual Orientation.

The resurgence of biological determinism (Word Download): "Homosexuality and Biological Determinism: Does it really matter whether we can scientifically ascertain the cause of homosexuality? And if we can, what are the social, political, and personal ramifications of such knowledge? When it comes to human diversity and social acceptance of people who are different than the majority, biological determinism has often been called on to support the extermination, alteration, or marginalization of minority groups. This historical precedence creates a wariness and reluctance for us to advocate the biological innateness of sexual orientation. However, environment as a “cause” is equally problematic. If one’s surroundings lead to a certain sexual orientation and social values label that orientation as deviant, then demands can be made to force people away from those surroundings. Neither biological determinism nor environmental influences matter when it comes to protecting people from discrimination. Science cannot be a justification for marginalizing people, and scientists ethically must be the guardians of their research. Therefore, until gay people are protected from discrimination and harassment, scientists cannot ignore the social implications of their research on the potential causes of homosexuality."

The Neurobiology of Sex/Gender-Based Attraction (2010): Abstract... "What causes same-sex attraction? Or, more broadly, what controls sex/gender-based attraction? Over the years there have been numerous theories, but more recently scientists have focused on the biology and, more specifically, the neurobiology of gender-based attraction. This article takes the reader through a critical review of the current literature related to sex/gender-based attraction. In examining this literature it is important to ask who is doing the studies, who has an interest in the results, and how the assumptions of the investigator and the audience affect the study design and conclusions." Ending of Paper: Sexuality is more complicated than we could ever imagine, and yet we use rather simple language to describe it. Sociobiological theory tells us that we have certain “predispositions,” and that culture overlays and shapes those. However, we assume that these predispositions are the same as the categories of sexuality that we have culturally created. We argue that people are “born” with predispositions to be gay and then those are shaped by culture. What if there is no predisposition to be gay? What if we are born with an interest in or arousal to soft things, rough things, tall or short things, old or young, passive or active, or certain smells? What if even those descriptors are too broad? Gayle Rubin makes this point by comparing sexuality to our appetite for food: “The belly’s hunger gives no clues as to the complexities of cuisine. The body, the brain, the genitalia, and the capacity for language are all necessary for human sexuality. But they do not determine its content, its experiences, or its institutional forms. . . . It is impossible to think with any clarity about the politics of race or gender as long as they are thought of as biological entities rather than as social constructs. Similarly, sexuality is impervious to political analysis as long as it is primarily conceived as a biological phenomenon or an aspect of individual psychology. Sexuality is as much a human product as are diets, methods of transportation, systems of etiquette, forms of labor, types of entertainment, processes of production, and modes of oppression.” (Rubin, 1993)

We Boys Together: Teenagers in Love Before Girl-Craziness - 2007 - by Jeffery P. Dennis: "Teenage boys are wild about girls.When their hormones kick in at puberty, they can think of nothing else, and that"s the way it has always been-- right? Wrong. Before World War II, only sissies liked girls. Masculine, red-blooded, all-American boys were supposed to ignore girls until they were 18 or 19. Instead, parents, teachers, psychiatrists, and especially the mass media encouraged them to form passionate, intense, romantic bonds with each other. This book explores romantic relationships between teenage boys as they were portrayed before, during, and immediately after World War II. The author takes the reader through a rich landscape of media -- sci fi pulps, comics, adventure stories, tales of teen sleuths, boys' serial novels, wartime bestsellers, and movies populated by many types of male adolescents: Boys Next Door, Adventure Boys, Jungle Boys, and Lost Boys. In Hollywood movies, Boys Next Door like Jackie Cooper, Ronald Sinclair, and Jimmy Lydon were constantly falling in love, but not with girls. In serial novels, Jungle Boys like Bomba, Sorak, and Og Son of Fire swung through the trees to rescue teenage boys, not teenage girls. In comic strips and on the radio, Adventure Boys like Don Study, Jack Armstrong, and Tim Tyler formed lasting romantic partnerships with other boys or men. Lost Boys like Frankie Darro, Leo Gorcey, and Billy Halop starred in dozens of movies about pairs of poor urban teenagers sticking together, with never a girl in sight."

What is Queer? "The lesbian woman or the gay man is constructed by a heterosexual society and a part of this. The opposite standpoint is essentialism, or biodeterminism, and would argue that there is a biological explanation of homosexuality, as well as arguing that gender is rooted in our biological sexes. We both find this idea quite absurd; if gender is biological,..." - Notes on show (Listen to Episode): Original Airdate 04/19/2005 - Genetic Determinism: "ohn Dupré, Professor of Sociology and Director of EGenIS (ESRC Centre for Genomics in Society), University of Exeter... Are there genes for practically everything? For being gay? For being mean? For being a philosopher? Does modern science show that we are largely the product of our genes --- or not? ... Dupre thinks that genetic determinism is false. Does this mean that anyone can become anything? What does his view entail? There are limits, but they are not imposed solely by genes. Dupre thinks we should shift from focusing on the genome to concentrating on development."

Homosexuality: choice or fixed orientation? - Accepting What Cannot Be Changed. (Alternate Link) - Toward the "New Synthesis": Evolution, Human Nature, and the Social Sciences (Choice Magazine, Sept., 1998).  -  Homosexuality and the Truth: Is it Natural and Normal? - Sexual acts are a choice, but desire simply exists (Must Scroll). - Study says gender identity may be malleable after all. - Being gay is a choice. - Is homosexuality inherited? - Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy: Special 1998 Issue on Etiology of Homosexuality - Abstracts. - Homosexuality: Theories of Etiology. - Of evolution and homosexuality. - Breve reseña de algunas teorías lésbicas (Alternate Link). - Scientific communities, gay communities and the production of knowledge: The social construction of biological ideas about same-sex sexuality.  - Ain't no cure for love: "If life for homosexuals is limited to choices between prayer, punishment or therapy, where's the good stuff? With support groups that offer homosexuals a space to express thoughts and feelings without making them feel like they need to change. This, rather than pathologising their lives, is what really helps, writes Vinay Chandran..." 

Homosexuality and Science: Biology and the Social Sciences (By Jeramy Townsley, Presented at the Midwestern Bisexual Lesbian Gay Transgender Allies College Conference, February 2001). Sexuality/Gender Terms. - Theories of Etiology: Psycho-social Origins, Biological Origins. - Social Science Research Homosexuality: Professional Opinion on our Mental Health, Psychological Testing, Queer relationships, Myths about Homosexual Behaviors, Prevalence of Homosexuality in Contemporary Western Societies, Mental Health Issues Facing the Queer Community.

Conservatives applaud "gay gene" theory: The Weekly Standard Says Theory Shows "Cure" Potential. - Studies suggest human behavior isn't as predetermined as some thought. - Official says genetic link won't help gays. - New research claims to prove that homosexuals are born and not made. Peter Ray thinks that idea is unscientific, irrational - and very dangerous. (by Peter Ray, from Living Marxism, No. 50, December 1992—on Simon LeVay's "gay brain" study.). Genetic Testing's Political Implications Must Be Addressed (The Scientist). - The Science Of Sexuality Still Needs Social Science (The Scientist): "Even though the researcher himself is offering genetics only as part of the explanation for an unknown percentage of the homosexual population, many scientists and laypersons alike have jumped on the genetic bandwagon as a complete answer to the more cosmic question of sexual orientation. - Gay or straight? Watch his walk: New study suggests body movement gives clues to sexual orientation... “There’s reason to think that gay people can’t conceal their homosexuality,” says Michael Bailey, a professor of psychology at Northwestern University. “I don’t think it’s a performance that gay people enact. I think it’s something that either is inborn, or it’s acquired very early, perhaps by watching members of the other sex.”

Special Issue: Sex and Sociology: Sociological Studies of Sexuality, 1910-1978 (Abstracts): - “The Sociologist as Voyeur”: Social Theory and Sexuality Research, 1910–1978. - The City as a Sexual Laboratory: The Queer Heritage of the Chicago School. - Introduction to “Sexual Scripts: Origins, Influences and Changes.” - Sexual Scripts: Origins, Influences and Changes: Sex and Sociology: Sociological Studies of Sexuality, 1910-1978. - Sex and Gender in the 1970s: Sex and Sociology: Sociological Studies of Sexuality, 1910-1978: "Even in the 2000s, the stigma of homosexuality has not entirely disappeared. And, above all, the essentializing categories of homosexual, bisexual and heterosexual remain firmly entrenched in public discourse, sociological analysis, homophobia and gay activism." - Queers, Bodies and Postmodern Sexualities: A Note on Revisiting the “Sexual” in Symbolic Interactionism. - Gay-for-Pay: Straight Men and the Making of Gay Pornography. - Gay For Pay. - Gay for Pay: Are there really any straight men in gay porn? - What Makes People Gay? "The debate has always been that it was either all in the child's upbringing or all in the genes. But what if it's something else?" - Does Biology Have Anything to Contribute to Thinking About Sex and Gender?

Rejecting the Gay Brain (and choosing homosexuality). (Alternate Link) - On choosing a homosexual lifestyle.  - Choice in Sexual Orientation: The Sword That Cuts Both Ways. - We're here, we're queer, we're genetically determined N/A. - La recherche des causes de l'homosexualité: une science-fiction? by Michel Dorais (Now Available - Dorais Michel, 1994, “ La recherche des causes de l'homosexualité : une science fiction ? ” in Welzer-Lang D., Dutey P., Dorais M., La peur de l'autre en soi, du sexisme à l'homophobie, Montréal, V.L.B., pp. 92-146.) - Queer by Choice Site. - A variety of information related to 'choosing' one's sexual orientation. - The Sociology of Human Sexuality: Homosexuality: Gay and Lesbian Sexual Behavior. - What Ever Happened to Ritual Homosexuality? The Incitement of Modern Sexual Subjects in Melanesia and Elsewhere by Bruce M. Knauft, Department of Anthropology, Emory University (Word 97 Download).

The "g0y" phenomenon: Their slogan is "G0ys take the 'A' out of 'Gay'. They are men who have feelings of "real warmth and affection for other guys" but do not classify themselves as homosexual. Turned off by the idea of anal sex, g0ys enjoy being affectionate with other men, whether that means kissing, cuddling, hugging, drunken wrestling (according to http://www.g0ys.org) or oral stimulation. Furthermore, while they respect masculinity, they detest the ways in which homosexuality has been linked to effeminacy. - G0YS.org - Spelled with a ZER0. - g0ydar. - g0y sites & groups.

Measuring Gender: "I will argue that the concepts of gender used in the attempt to demonstrate a causal connection between CGN and sexual orientation are inappropriate because they provide no uniform, consistent method for identifying and measuring the biologically significant components of gender. I will also argue that the concept of gender that does emerge from these studies suggests an hypothesis about the connection between sexuality and gender that is not consistent with the cross-gendered theory of the etiology of homosexuality." - Defining and Measuring Sexual Orientation: A Review: "If advances in the understanding of sexual orientations are to be made, it is critical that definitions and measures of sexual orientation be standardized." - What is a Sexual Act? "The author analyses the meanings that sexual intercourses between sexes take for the Baruya, a population of inner New Guinea. There are two kinds of intercourses, homosexual before marriage, heterosexual after..." - Evidence that male sexual orientation is a matter of degree. - A Question of Sexual Orientation: "ASU Professor Frederick Whitam studies questions related to sexual orientation. His research suggests that gay and lesbian people are a permanent part of sexual orientation arragements in all societies..."

Studies Reporting the Prevalence of Homosexuality / Bisexuality / Heterosexuality: - Prevalence and dimensions of sexual orientation in Swiss adolescents: a cross-sectional survey of 16 to 20-year-old students. Acta Paediatrica, 2003; 92(2): 233-9 (Abstract). - Demographics of sexual orientation among native American adolescents. (Abstract/Paper) - Prevalence and dimensions of sexual orientation in Swiss adolescents: a cross-sectional survey of 16 to 20-year-old students. - On the prevalence of homosexuality and bisexuality, in a random community survey of 750 men aged 18 to 27. - Sex in Australia: sexual identity, sexual attraction and sexual experience among a representative sample of adults. - The Prevalence of Bisexual and Homosexual Orientation and Related Health Risks Among Adolescents in Northern Thailand. - Australia: small gay population but many curious. - What percentage of the population is gay? - Census information on same-sex couples.

Sexual diversity in urban Norwegians: Study Sample: In November 1997, the Central Bureau of Statistics drew a random sample of 5,000 persons aged 18-49 years residing in Norway's capital, Oslo... Table 1 shows the percentage of the respondents who reported experience with the four different aspects of sexual diversity, by gender. A total of 92.5% reported to have been in love with only persons of the opposite gender, 90.9% had had sex with only the opposite gender, 87.9% reported to have felt sexually attracted to only the opposite gender, and 75.9% had fantasized about having sex with only the opposite gender. More women than men reported never to have had bisexual fantasies or felt homosexual attraction, but there was no gender difference in bisexual contact and love. More men than women reported exclusively homosexual experiences..."

Country Report, Sri Lanka, 2006 (PDF Download):  National Survey on Emerging Issues among Adolescents in Sri Lanka: 18.2% of in-school boys aged 14-19 reported “homosexual relations” (N=4664). 13.0% of out-of-school boys aged 15-19 reported “homosexual relations” (N=5042).  Results or other studies given. MSM identity is complex because MSM refers to behaviour: some gay men marry due to social and cultural pressure. there are MSM who consider themselves straight but have sex with men. MSM face harassment from law enforcement in cruising areas as well as extortion of money and forced sex; violence against MSM impacts negatively on their sexual and emotional health. Poverty and exposure to sexual violence leads men to work as sex workers...

Factors affecting sexual and non-sexual risks behavior among bisexual and homosexual Filipino youth: Evidence from the 1994 "Young Adolescent Fertility Survey" in the Philippines (Dr. Rommel "Mely" Jacinto D. Silverio, Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines, 186 Antonio Luna Street, Barangay Marilag, Project 4, Quezon City, 1109, Philippines, (632) 4212734, mely62@yahoo.com). Abstract: "Despite strong social stigma in a predominantly Catholic country like the Philippines, a sizeable sexual minority group exists among the Filipino youth. In particular, among 10,879 youth respondents aged 15 to 24 in the second nationwide “Young Adolescent Fertility Survey” conducted in 1994 by the University of the Philippines, about 7% of these young adults indicated bisexuality and slightly over 10% professed homosexuality. As Philippine society tends to traditionally censure sociological studies of human sexuality as taboo, much remains largely unknown about the social lifestyle of bisexual and homosexual Filipino youth, even much less about their sexual and non-sexual risk behaviors that impinge adversely upon health. In this light, this paper aims to identify some influential socioeconomic and demographic factors affecting the incidence of such sexual and non-sexual risk behaviors as premarital sexual activity, smoking, drug and alcohol use, and prostitution among these two sexual minority groups. The ultimate objective of the study focuses on establishing more responsive program approaches that will effectively address the unique conditions and needs of bisexual and homosexual Filipino youth, particularly with respect to these contemporary health issues." Presented at The 130th Annual Meeting of APHA: 2002.

Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition - 1983, 1995 - by Barry R. Burg (Amazon.com Reference). Review: "You have to love a book that begins, "The England that produced three generations of sodomitical pirates was a land far different from modern Britain or America." Burg, a professor of history at Arizona State University, wrote Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition in 1983 and updated it in 1995 (it's now in paperback). It describes how most if not all of the pirates and buccaneers who sailed the Caribbean from 1650 to 1700 had sex with each other. Homosexual behavior was rarely condemned in the West Indies or Great Britain during that century, when most of the pirates were growing up. By the early 1800s, the party was over and sailors were being executed for the crime of loving another man — or at least having sex with him. The first chapters trace the history of the perception of homosexuality in modern English society. For the most part it was tolerated if kept discreet. Sex was sex. Even in the American colonies, sexual crimes were condemned severely in the law but not in practice... Burg contrasts the pirate lifestyle with homosexual acts you find among prison inmates and notes many differences. In prison, men see their homosexuality as temporary — it's more about power, a way of saying "I'm in charge." Among the pirates, it more closely expressed their sexualities. Burg documents how many pirates, if they came upon a ship with women aboard, wouldn't touch them... The lesson Burg draws from his research is that "aside from the production of children, homosexuals alone can fulfill satisfactorily all human needs, wants and desires, all the while supporting and sustaining a human community remarkable by the very fact that it is unremarkable.... The male engaging in homosexual activity aboard a pirate ship in the West Indies three centuries past was simply an ordinary member of his community, completely socialized and acculturated." Except for that killing and looting part, sure." - Under the Black Flag - 1997 - by David Cordingly (Amazon.com Reference): "Cordingly separates fact from fiction about the 17th century pirates who terrorized the seas, including challenging Burg's theory that many pirates were gay..."

Debate on Black homosexuals by Cleo Manago: "I was recently involved in a public debate on "Black Homosexuality" organized by members of the Nation of Islam. "The Great Debate: The Origins of Homosexuality In the Black Community" featured renowned Africentric health scholar, Dr. Llaila Afrika, and I as opponents. Afrika believes homosexuality is a degenerative state and a disease resulting from sexual addiction, white supremacy, diet (yes, diet!) and institutionalized subliminal recruitment techniques. He also believes that homosexuality was introduced to Blacks/Africans by European invasions on Black/African life." -  Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities: Homosexuality in “Traditional” Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South Africa - Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Sudan -Mabasha and Their Mashoga in Mombasa. - Interpreting Absence of Evidence and Assertions of Absence (Nuer and Lango). - Spiritual Vocations in Western Africa. - Hausa Roles. - Yoruba Exceptionalism: Antagonistic Acculturation? - A Sometimes Lifelong ”Adolescent Phase” (Dahomey). - Gender-Crossing Wolof and Their Neighbors. - The Kitesha Role Among the Bala - Other Central African Reports. - Angola. - Wives of the South African Mines. - Contemporary Black South Africa and Zimbabwe. - Relations Between Women. (Book Review) (Book Review) (Excerpts) (Amazon.com Reference) (A review by Gert Hekma par Gert Hekma, Université d'Amsterdam, published in Thamyris). - Homosexuality in "Traditional" Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South Africa: An overview by Stephen O. Murray (49 pages, PDF Download, or access web page for PDF Download, in 2 paper sizes.)

My genes made me do it: (Alternate Link) " Just about every week now, we read new headlines about the genetic basis for breast cancer, homosexuality, intelligence, or obesity. In previous years, these stories were about the genes for alcoholism, schizophrenia, and manic depression. Such news stories may lead us to believe our lives are being revolutionized by genetic discoveries. We may be on the verge of reversing and eliminating mental illness, for example. In addition, many believe, we can identify the causes of criminality, personality, and other basic human foibles and traits. But these hopes, it turns out, are based on faulty assumptions about genes and behavior. Although genetic research wears the mantle of science, most of the headlines are more hype than reality... In the debate over the genetics of homosexuality, the data supporting a genetic basis are similarly weak... But for many, the politics of a homosexual gene outweigh the science. A genetic explanation for homosexuality answers bigots who claim homosexuality is a choice which should be rejected. But to accept that nongenetic factors contribute to homosexuality does not indicate prejudice against gays..." - A Modern Refrain: My Genes Made Me Do It.

The Hypocrites of Homosexuality: " When I was an undergraduate theatre student, I was aware, and not happily so, how pervasive was the reach of the underculture of homosexuality among my friends and acquaintances. After a while I stopped being shocked to discover that someone I had known well, or whose talent I admired, was either moving into or already a part of the not-so-clandestine network of gay relationships. I learned that being homosexual does not destroy a person's talent or deny those aspects of their character that I had already come to love and admire. I did learn that for most of them their highest allegiance was to their membership in the community that gave them access to sex. As a not-particularly-pure-minded heterosexual adolescent, I understood the intensity of sexual desire; as a student of human communities, I have since come to understand how character is shaped by -- or surrendered to -- one's allegiances...  The argument by the hypocrites of homosexuality that homosexual tendencies are genetically ingrained in some individuals is almost laughably irrelevant. We are all genetically predisposed toward some sin or another; we are all expected to control those genetic predispositions when it is possible...  The average fifteen-year-old teenage boy is genetically predisposed to copulate with anything that moves. We are compassionate and forgiving of those who cannot resist this temptation, but we do not regard as adult anyone who has not overcome it; and we can only help others overcome those "genetic predispositions" by teaching them that we expect them to meet a higher standard of behavior than the one their own body teaches them..."

Queer, Isn't It?: The Ugly Duckling has Two Daddies: "If, in fact, animals instinctively engage in same-sex behavior for whatever reason (some say it is pleasure driven, others maintain it is a form of bonding), then one can safely assume that such behavior is natural. It’s hard to imagine that radical lesbian Japanese macaques are hanging out in the wild enticing innocent young macaques with anti-patriarchy speeches, or that flaming male ostriches are luring younglings into a life of debauchery against their will with jello shots and disco music. Dolphins don’t have ex-gay ministries, and flamingoes, who also participate in same-sex couple parenting, don’t have to worry about being declared unfit parents due to their choice of a mate. The implications of all this rampant gayness in the wild is that it casts doubt on the assertion that homosexuality is a “choice”. Animals engage in homosexuality without concern for the moral implications; it is instinctive. Could the same be true for people? Many scientists would argue “yes”. Although no “gay gene” has been identified, biological factors have been found which indicate that homosexual tendencies are predetermined... There is a downside to the idea that homosexuality is genetic, and it is straight out of science fiction: if it is genetic, then it can be cured (or at least, altered). Assuming there is some biological factor that leads one to be gay, then one can assume that science will eventually find a way to “fix” that factor. Some evangelicals have actually embraced the idea that homosexuality is genetic for this reason, so that scientists can begin to work on a way to correct the wayward genes. It’s simple . . . with surgery we’ll just tweak that part of the brain that malfunctions, there, with drugs we’ll alter the DNA strand before this kid is born, and with a bit of hoo doo magic we’ll alter the genetic composition of the person to make him or her look and act just the way we’d like. Now, isn’t that natural?"

Genetic homosexuality: 21st century phrenology: "It’s a modern, Western conceit that homosexuality is something aberrant and unusual, which must be “explained.” There have been numerous societies in which homosexual behavior was accepted as a social norm and even seen as desirable, and in these societies essentially all of the men engaged in homosexuality when circumstances allowed. There are too many of these societies, arising independently from too many different races and in too many different areas, for there to be a common genetic explanation for the near-total incidence of homosexuality in these societies (accepting the genetic hypothesis, one would have to assume all men in these societies had the “gay gene”). Social norms, not genetics, dictated these societal differences; the idea that we are stamped “GAY” or “STRAIGHT” at conception reflects ignorance of the historical record. Similar study of any other sexual preference also tends to show virtually all of our sexual preferences (skin color, body type, lip size, eye color, hair color) are more a function of our social environment than our genes..."

On the Historiography of Sexuality: "The past twenty-five years, the argument over the etiology of homosexuality has dominated the field of GLBTQ (Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Transgendered/Queer) studies. Essentialists maintain that sexual orientation is hard-wired in our consciousness. Biology determines, in short, our sexual orientation. Social constructionists, in contrast, argue that the social environment configures the direction of our sexual desires. The wide-ranging debate between these two viewpoints has made for some strange bedfellows. Social constructionists, for example, comprise groups such as queer theorists and activists on the left and Christian fundamentalists on the right, as well as traditional psychoanalysts who do not fit neatly into any political category. Essentialists bring together scientists, especially geneticists and neurologists, and political centrists. The American public, too, has been shifting decidedly in the direction of essentialism in the past generation. This movement has occurred within the gay and lesbian community, as well, particularly among those who want to depoliticize and “normalize” homosexuality.... n 2007, we simply do not have the means, scientific or socially-scientific, to offer definitive proof about the origins of homosexuality, heterosexuality, or any other form of sexual desire, behavior, or identity."

Studies Discover Clues to the Roots of Homophobia." (New York Times, 1990). (Alternate Link) - Riddle Homophobia Scale Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual Identity.(Alternate Link) - Is Homophobia Associated With Homosexual Arousal? - A related article: Protesting too Largely.  - APA article: New Study Links Homophobia with Homosexual Arousal. (Alternate Link) - A similar perspective from Singapore: An Epidemic of Self-Hate. - The Hate That Makes Men Straight: Psychoanalysts probe the roots of homophobia. - Psychologists Examine the Motives of Perpetrators and the Origins of Homophobia. - Fear and loathing. Prejudice, abuse, violence, sometimes murder. Why are lesbians and gay men hated? Dennis Altman explores the psychology behind the hostility.

Discussing results of "genetic" studies in Singapore: Brother and Twins. - Discovery and dissimulation. -  The Hormones Did It! - Essence and Fluidity. - Where Straight Men Come From. - "Where Gay Boys Come From" by Camille Paglia, Havard Gay & Lesbian Review (Short Excerpt, Must Scroll) - The Harvard Gay & Lesbian Review. - The Hate That Makes Men Straight: Psychoanalysts probe the roots of homophobia. (Village Voice Article) 

A major theorist in the social construction of human sexuality: Michel Foucault. - The History of Sexuality : An Introduction by Michel Foucault (Abstract). - Is social constructionism an appealing construction? - Synopsis of Foucault's The History of Sexuality, Vol. I (Society of Social Research Page, U.Chicago)  -  Welcome to the World of Michel Foucault.- Queer Theory Web Site Foucault Index. - Foucauldian Cautions on the Subject and the Educative Implications of Contingent Identity. - Historicizing inversion: or, how to make a homosexual: "At the end of the 19th century, the vocabulary of sexuality - perversion - became one of the primary means by which people began to articulate and think about their individuality, their sense of self... An essential attribute of the literature on 'inversion' was precisely such an historically formed understanding of pathological individuals; an understanding that ushered in the transformation from acts to natures, from individuals to kinds, from sodomites to homosexuals." - Social Construction or Destruction of Homosexuals?-Conservative or Revolutionary Constructionism of the Reality of Homosexuality.

Behavior and Not a Person: Chapter One Essentialism or Social Constructionism. - Chapter Two Biological Basis for Homosexuality. - Chapter Three "Gay Brains" and Gay Genes". - Chapter Six Types of Homosexualities/ Gay and Lesbian Homosexual Identity. - Chapter Ten Homosexual Identity Formation.  - The origins of homosexuality: A prominent psychiatrist has revived a bitter controversy by claiming that “motivated” gays and lesbians can change their orientation through psychotherapy. Is homosexuality an inborn trait or the reversible product of emotional conditioning?

Michel Foucault: problématique pour une histoire de l’homosexualité, Lawrence Olivier avec la collaboration de Roger Noël, Revue sexologique/ Sexological Review, Vol. 2, no 1, printemps 1994 Vol. 2 No. 1 Spring 1994 (PDF Download, or access web for PDF Download - In HTML at Revue sexologique/ Sexological Review) - Des identités homosexuelles - Propos sur la génèse et les avatars d'un genre contesté, Cécile Bénito de Sanchez, Revue h, été 1996. (PDF Download, or access web page for PDF Download) - Genres et orientations sexuelles: une question d'apparences?, Rommel Mendès-Leité, 1990. (bibliographie) Publication originale : Mendès-Leite, R. " Genres et orientations sexuelles: une question d'apparences ? ". GREH et. al. Homosexualités et Lesbianisme: mythes, mémoires, historiographies. Actes du colloque international (3 volumes). Lille, Cahiers GKC, 1989-1990. pp. 109 - 147.

Suck My Nation – Masculinity, Ethnicity and the Politics of (Homo)sex (PDF Download) - by Sasho A. Lambevski. - Abstract: "Class and ethnicity represent major obstacles in establishing new forms of homosexual encounters and emotional engagements between Macedonian and Albanian men at the ‘gay’ scene in Skopje. This article pays special attention to the nationalist imperatives that order Macedonian and Albanian ‘gay’ men to use each other’s penises and orifices as weapons and targets of torture. More precisely, the article offers a multilevel analysis of a range of social (class, ethnic, and gender) relations, as invested in and experienced in the male body, that prevent Macedonian and Albanian ‘gay’ men from establishing new forms of mutual friendship and love." Note: Unfortunately, the author criticizes the socially constructed form of male homosexuality described and does not perceive it to be as valid as the recently invented - also socially constructed - "gay" concept present in western countries. The latter, however, occupies a minority status in the world of male homosexualties. - The Origins of Homosexuality: Insights From The Deep Feeling Psychotherapies. - Peter Tatchell suggests that gay identity has nothing to do with biology and everything to do with homophobia. Winning gay freedom will make gay identity redundant.

The social construction of gender: case study of early male-to-female sex change supports this. Abstract. - Full text online. - American Indian Sexual/Gender Constructions and Spirituality. - On Gender and Sexual Orientation. - Orientational Diversity: A New Spin, Part 1: "In this first of a three-part series, the author invites us to recognize the ways we unconsciously label ourselves when we play by and listen to society’s recordings. The b-side may surprise and enlighten you." - Jeffrey Weeks: The Construction of Homosexuality. - ‘I am my own special creation’: Mexican homosexual transvestites’ construction of femininity (Young, Nordic Journal of Youth Research, 1994, 2(3): s. 3-17). - The Social Construction of A Discreet Male Gender. - Learning the Power of Sexuality (PDF Download). - Suck My Nation: Masculinity, Ethnicity and the Politics of (Homo)sex: "This article pays special attention to the nationalist imperatives that order Macedonian and Albanian 'gay' men to use each other's penises and orifices as weapons and targets of torture." - Eroticism and language.

Wunsch, Serge (2007). Rôle et importance des processus de renforcement dans l'apprentissage du comportement de reproduction chez l'homme. [Evolution from mammalian heterosexual reproductive behavior to human erotic bisexuality.] PhD Dissertation, Neurosciences Intégratives, L'École Pratique des Hautes Études. Full Text. Abstract: What are the neurobiological dynamics of mammal and human sexuality? In rodents, mainly sexual hormones and pheromones, and secondarily sexual reflexes and reinforcement processes, would be the main innate factors at the origin of a genuine heterosexual reproductive behavior, the purpose of which is, at the favorable season, to achieve copulation permitting fecundation. It would seem that during evolution, owing to the modifications of the brain of rodents into that of Man’s, the hormonal and pheromonal factors have become secondary, whereas the cognitive factors and the reinforcement processes (or reward systems) have become predominant. For these reasons, in Man, the behavior which leads to reproduction may be conceived not as an innate “reproductive behavior”, but as an acquired “erotic behavior” involving behavioral sequences of stimulation of the most erogenous body zones by a partner – no matter what his or her sex. Résumé: Quels sont les facteurs à l'origine des comportements humains ? Quels sont les processus neurobiologiques les plus primordiaux qui sous-tendent le développement et la dynamique de ces comportements ? Comment ces comportements émergent-ils de l'interaction entre les différents facteurs biologiques et environnementaux ? Afin de répondre à ces questions capitales, nous avons réalisé une synthèse transdisciplinaire (neurosciences, éthologie, ethnologie et psychologie) de la littérature actuelle relative au comportement de reproduction...

Toward A Global History of Same-Sex Sexuality:  I favor the term “same-sex sexuality” as one that gets beyond the use of terms such as “queer,” “gay,” “lesbian,” or “homosexual.”  Yet I would like to proceed by looking at manifestations of what we call “same-sex sexuality” in different times and places in order both to explore global patterns and to consider how those patterns problematize the two parts of the term “same-sex sexuality.”  That is, sometimes such manifestations cannot really be considered “same-sex.”  And sometimes they should not really be labeled “sexuality.”  These complications suggest that even the attempt to avoid assumptions about the meanings of desires and acts and relationships by using a term such as “same-sex sexuality” may inadvertently lump together phenomena that are quite different.  This is the difficulty of thinking about a global history of same-sex sexuality.

What's a Modern Homosexual?  An Introduction: Cultures define and regulate sexual desire differently, and homosexuality is a uniquely modern, Western way of thinking about sex between men... - 'Being a Man' in the Ancient World (by Craig Williams, author of Roman Homosexuality, 1999): "What was most important for a man's reputation was that he be thought to play the insertive and not the receptive role in penetrative acts. If he played the insertive role, he might do so with either male or female partners, or both, as he pleased; the sex of his partner had no bearing on his own status as a man." - Male Homosexuality: From Common to a Rarity. - The social construction of male homosexuality, related suicide problems. - Sexuality in Fifth Century Athens. - Gay Species: Language and Social Construction. - Sexual Orientation - Essentialism Or Social Construction.

True Nature: A Theory of Human Sexual Evolution. Part 1: "A historical review of homosexuality in diverse cultures reveals that significantly many cultures have existed where (male) bisexuality has been rather universal and that all cultures have condemned exclusive homosexuality, either legally or with the threat of social rejection. Neither of these facts can be rationalized using the ballpark ‘10%’ statistic for homosexuality believed to be representative of human beings..." - True Nature: A Theory of Human Sexual Evolution. Parts 2–4. - New phylism theory and the homosexualization of the visualization of lust: "Nature needs nurture is the paradigm that replaces nature versus nurture."

Le Moyen Age: Faits Divers: "Les homosexuels américains ont une sorte de cheval de bataille, selon lequel 10% de la population serait homosexuelle et ils croient que cela a été toujours comme ça. Je ne saurait le dire. En Ancienne Grèce, il faisait partie du procès de citoyenneté que le jeune homme, le garçon, ait un amant, un homme bien formé, qui devait l'initier à la vie sexuelle. Cela n'avait rien de dégradant ni pour le garçon qui avait, semble-t-il des fonctions plus passives ni pour l'adulte, dans la plupart du temps marié et père de famille. A Rome, où l'esprit familial était un peu différent, plus dynastique, cette naturalité n'était pas tellement acceptée, mais elle était loin d'être abominée..."

The social construction of identities: "The perils of postmodernism". - Des identités homosexuelles:  Propos sur la génèse et les avatars d'un genre contesté. - Studies on Gay & Lesbian Language: A Partial Bibliography. - The Scenography of HIV Infection for Young Gay Men: Educating Emotion and Desire: Individuation and sexual identity. - A Unified Theory on Homosexual Identity (PDF Download). - Sexual Orientation: The History and Significance of an Idea (in Word & World, 1994: PDF Download). - Social Contructionist History Links. - It's what you do: most of the men who have sex with men in the South probably don't identify themselves as `gay' or `bisexual'.

Inescapable Essentialism: Bisexually-Identified Women's Strategies in the Late 80s and Early 90s: "Essentialism, in many ways, is a product of the western political and philosophical use of binary oppositions. Binaries have been used to produce socially meaningful categories in which to classify and understand the world, both human and non-human (Innes 65). Within the assumptions of binaries, however, is the tendency to see these categories as natural and unchanging. In addition to naturalizing or essentializing binaries,western philosophy has also tended to privilege only one side of the opposition while the other is disparaged. The final outcome of this logic is a limited and fixed understanding of the world that masks the political and social power in which the binary categories were created and sustained."

Male homosexual identity in Hong Kong: a social construction. - Social construction of male homosexualities in Vietnam. Some keys to understanding discrimination and implications for HIV prevention strategy. - Political-economic construction of gay male clone identity. - 

Same-Sex Sexual Relations in Antiquity and Sexuality and Sexual Identity in Contemporary American Society: (Alternate Link) "In antiquity sexual identity was based on the natural fact of sex. Genitals determined gender. For ancient Israel the binary differentiation of male and female served as the structuring of both the natural and social worlds, and was guarded by the Holiness Code of Lev. 17. Same-sex sexual relations were forbidden, at least explicitly to men, and Christianity adopted and transmitted this ideology. The homosexuality that is condemned in the letters ascribed to Paul: Romans, 1 Corinthians and 1 Timothy is identifiable as pederasty. There are no ancient texts that suggest that homosexual relationships existed between same-age adults. The word homosexuality first appeared in an English dictionary in 1892. Today the taxonomy of male and female is being subverted by science and technology..."

Male 'Homosexualities' In India / South Asia: Excerpts from - Khan, Shivananda (2001). Culture, sexualities, and identities: men who have sex with men in India. Journal of Homosexuality, 40(3/4), 99-115. & Asthana S, and Oostvogels R (2001). The social construction of male 'homosexuality' in India: implications for HIV transmission and prevention. Social Science & Medicine, 52: 707-21. - Cultural Construction(s) of Same Sex Sexual Relations: A course outline (PDF Download).

Un-queer anti-theory. - Multiple Masculinity's a world of subculture and homosexual interaction. - The Role of Masculinity in Male Homosexual Culture by Shazza Nakkim N/A. - The (Re) Construction of African-American Masculinity -- Homosexuality. - Boys in Schools: Addressing the Politics of Hegemonic Masculinities. - Masculinity and Academic Discourse: Issues and Themes. - Masculinities and men in nursing (PDF Download). - The Gendering of Molecular Biology (PDF Download).

Les méandres de l'identité et de l'orientation sexuelle des hommes. - Gay and homosexual are terms, used sometimes interchangeably, but the two words have different meanings. - Exploration of the Preconceived Notions of Homosexuality. - An Analysis: heterosexuality in the male. - Social Protest and the Performance of Gay Identity. - New Directions for Gay Liberation: The Politics of Identity. - A queer geography: journeys toward a sexual self: "'Do Gays exist?' is the provocative question behind Frank Browning's latest jaunt around the globe." - Identité homosexuelle et communauté gaie.

Tyranny of the heterosexual/homosexual binary?  - Unresolved Issues in Scientific Sexology: "The majority of men and women who report homosexual feelings and/or behavior report predominant heterosexual feelings and behavior and do not identify as homosexual. These consistent findings remain ignored. Studies of the etiology and development of homosexuality and heterosexuality treat them as distributed categorically rather than dimensionally and investigate only self-identified homosexuals and heterosexuals. With this methodology the predominantly heterosexual majority are excluded or misclassified."

Homosexuality: "Who is a homosexual? On the level of individual psychology, most adults experience themselves, and identify themselves to others, as either heterosexual or homosexual, despite the well-recognized fluidity of human sexual orientation. A smaller number of adults experience themselves as having relatively little preference for one sex over the other, and they identify themselves as bisexual. The terms gay and lesbian have been adopted by a large number of self-identified homosexual individuals as preferred ways of referring to their gender orientation as well as to the culture they have developed as an alternative to mainstream straight (ie, heterosexual) culture. On the societal level in the United States, there is remarkably little tolerance for the varying expressions of sexual orientation, and there tends to be an imperative to identify individuals as being either heterosexual or homosexual. For example, many military, religious, educational, and voluntary organizations often demonstrate intense interest in whether one of their members is or is not a homosexual, and they determine ways to deal with the individual once this label has been applied (Wood, 2000; Sobel, 2001). The intent is usually to expel, or in some way marginalize, the homosexual individual. Gradations of sexual orientation are given little credence, and the notion that evidence of any same-sex–oriented behavior indicates that an individual is a homosexual is often given credence. This forced choice into rigid, predetermined categories is a custom that has clear parallels in racist attitudes and practices. For example, individuals have been categorized as either colored or white, with the stigmatized colored status conferred on people of mixed heritage even when most of their relatives were white."

Council For Responsible Genetic: - Brief on Sexual Orientation and Genetic Determinism (May 2006):  "We are sexual beings, yet this does not mean that we are born homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual. Our sexual expression can change over time, towards different people, through different experiences. A lack of understanding about this type of human variability often leads to a perspective that our genes define who we are. Each of the above areas of research displays findings that hinge on the assumption that a given individual’s sexual expression neatly fits into the categories “straight” and “gay.” By not considering evidence of human sexual fluidity, debates regarding origins and biology are not substantial or complete. Current efforts fail to tell the whole story. And even if we were to accept that the assigned sexual orientation of the individuals participating in these studies accurately reflected their lifelong expression, conclusive proof of a link between this and their genes has yet to be found..."

Gay Identities, communities and places in the 1990s in Istanbul. - Performing Sexual Identity: Naming and Resisting 'Gayness' in Modern Thailand. - Greek Masculinity and Male Homosexuality. - Essentialism, Social Constructionism, and the History of Homosexuality. - 

Biological Research on Women's Sexual Orientations: Evaluating the Scientific Evidence.- by Rosemary C. Veniegas (Journal of Social Issues, Summer, 2000) - Categories and Sexuality.- (Review) by Charlene L. Muehlenhard (Journal of Sex Research, May, 2000) - Understanding Women's Sexualities and Sexual Orientations: An Introduction - by Linda D. Garnets (Journal of Social Issues Summer, 2000)

Lesbian Identity and the Politcs of Butch-Femme Roles. - Butch - Femme Information. - Butch An Evolving Identity. - Butch-Femme Resources on the Web. - The Porcelain Throne: Meditations by a hickster dyke on the conundrums of identity, activism, diversity, and toilets (On Labels). - What do women really want?.....another woman?! - Building Boxes and Policing Boundaries: (De)Constructing Intersexuality, Transgender and Bisexuality (2008).

The social construction of homosexuality. - Related information in an interview with David Halperin. (by  Laurel M. Bowman, Interview with David Halperin, Favonius vol. 3 (1991), 27-43) - Beyond Either/Or. the Fluidity of Sexual Desire (Documentary Film). - Submitting or Resisting: Exploring the Popular Central American Belief that Homosexuality Can Be Induced. - Homosexuality from a historical Viking Scandinavia point of view. - Ferenczi: L'homoérotisme: nosologie de l'homosexualité masculine. - Homosexualités - Bibliographie. - Sexualities I:  Dissidence: The aim of this course is to introduce students to cultural and political debates concerning male homosexuality. It seeks to put literary texts, plus two films, in their French social and historical context, and to explore the ways in which their meanings are affected by their culture's understanding of same-sex desire (Word rtf Download).

Sexualities Concentration of Women’s Studies: The Sexualities concentration of Women’s Studies will provide students with an understanding of sexualities across aesthetic, cultural, historical, legal, literary, political, and social contexts in which human sexualities have been and are currently being expressed and theorized. The concentration will provide students with insights into the social construction of sexualities through their complex interplay with key variants such as gender, race, and class, within micro-cultural, cross-cultural, national, and global communities.

To "The SEARCH Section" For The Best Search Engines & Information Directories, The Searchable Sites to Locate Papers & Abstracts... and The Sites - Some Searchable - Where "Free Papers" Are Available!

From Exotic To Erotic- Roots of sexual orientation found in personality, childhood friendships: a developmental theory of sexual orientation - Bem DJ (1996). Exotic becomes erotic:  a developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 103(2), 320-35. - Full text online. Is EBE Theory Supported by the Evidence? Is it Androcentric? A Reply to Peplau et al. Psychological Review, 105(2), 395-8. Full text online. Related publications: - http://comp9.psych.cornell.edu/dbem/online_pubs.html . - Interpreting Biological Correlates of Sexual Orientation. - Abstracts of Recent Bem Articles: Complete text of underlined titles are online and can be accessed directly. - Offending Gender: Being and Wanting in Male Same-Sex Desire. - In new survey, men call themselves straight but have sex with men.

Transgendered Like Me (Advocate, Dec. 10, 1996) by Gabriel Rotello who asserts: "Gay people, on the other hand, exhibit a whole range of “sex-atypical” characteristics, meaning characteristics that are most commonly associated with the opposite sex, at least among the heterosexual majority... In that sense we’re all transgendered.... Shouldn’t we stop being the les-bi-gay-trans-whatever movement, with a new syllable added every few years, and simply become the trans movement?"  - Sex, Lies and Feminism: "The transgender movement's view of gender is also structured along deeply traditional lines. First, in the view of transgender advocates, gender is simply a matter of individual identity. Where identity springs from is never examined, exactly--it just "is"--and, again, practice follows from identity. Gender remains an innate quality or attribute of the person expressing it. Given this, in transgender movement politics there is no room to question where gender and gender identity come from or whether and how they are constructed and by whom. As a result, the current practice of gender is seen as transhistorical, beyond construction and question. It simply "is" what gender is. What transgender advocates have done is move essentialism from the physical body to the self--to one's (presumably unconstructed) gender identity. Second, despite claims of multiple genders, "male" attributes remain male, even if practiced by a physically female body. As do "female" attributes, even if practiced by a physically male body. It is the same patriarchal template: innate, binary, essential and essential to identity. Having used the same template, it is no surprise that transgender exactly reproduces the content and norms of patriarchal gender."

Genetics and bisexuality (PDF Download): "A population-genetic model indicates that if there is a gene responsible for homosexual behaviour it can readily spread in populations. The model also predicts widespread bisexuality in humans." - Related Vews Item: The Genetics of Bisexuality. - Bisexuality: A Biological Perspective. - An Ethological Perspective on Homosexuality during Adolescence: "Finally, the "naturalness" of adolescent homosexuality as an outcome of an ethological perspective is proposed. Homosexuality is thus presented as a sexual orientation that is not so much a matter of choice but of biological necessity."

Opposite-sex twins and adolescent same-sex attraction (Abstract, Working Paper). "The etiology of human same-sex romantic attraction is generally framed in terms of (1) social influences, (2) genetic influences, or (3) hormonal influences. In this article, we show that adolescent males who are opposite-sex twins are twice as likely as expected to report same-sex attraction; and that the pattern of concordance (similarity across pairs) of same-sex preference for sibling pairs does not suggest genetic influence independent of social context. Our data falsify the hormone transfer hypothesis by isolating a single condition that eliminates the opposite-sex twin effect we observemdashthe presence of an older same-sex sibling. We also consider and reject a speculative evolutionary theory that rests on observing birth-order effects on same-sex orientation. In contrast, our results support the hypothesis that less gendered socialization in early childhood and preadolescence shapes subsequent same-sex romantic preferences." NOTE: The results of this paper received no media coverage.

A Theory About the Variety of Human Sexual Behavior - Abstract: " Dawkins's theory of gene transmission is extended and applied to develop a theory about the variety of human sexual behavior.  According to this theory, the many different types of human sexual behavior, including the paraphilias, can be seen as having species survival value.  These atypical sexual behaviors all, in some way enhance the general level of sexual excitation in society and therefore increase the likelihood that people will engage in sexual activities that lead to procreation.  Basic differences between men and women can also be understood with this theory.  The political nature of the DSM-III-R, particularly in regard to homosexuality and pedophilia, are discussed as they relate to this theory." "I have never felt completely comfortable with the terms natural and unnatural when they apply to human sexual behavior.  In a sense, one could say that any form of sexual behavior that can be exhibited by a human being must be considered natural in that it is part of the human repertoire.  Generally, the term unnatural has been applied to those variations that have been considered unacceptable to a particular social group."

How Many Gay People are there? - How Many Gay and Lesbian People are There? The new numbers on sexual orientation  - Homosexual myths, including challenge of the Kinsey 10% estimate, by Probe Ministries. - Examining that mythical 10%. - Data Integrity and Homosexual Politics.  - Kinsey and the homosexual revolution. -  Science: Kinsey and Other Studies - The Kinsey scale. - The Kinsey Heterosexual to Homosexual Rating Scale.  - Rethinking Kinsey and the "Sexual Revolution". - Bagley & Tremblay (1996) for a summary of related research & Problems. - New Yorker article attacks Kinsey: gay & unscientific - Says Male Sexual Bonding Overemphasized by a "Closeted" Researcher Kinsey's "Husband & Father" Image Called "Carefully Cultivated".- Survey Terminology Related to Sexual Orientation: Does It Matter? "However, on one item, the difference was significant. In the true-false statement, "I have had at least one homosexual experience during the last year," only 2.5% of the respondents marked it true. However, for the statement, "I have had at least one sexual experience with someone of my gender during the last year," 10.4% of respondents indicated this as true." - 5% of American voters report their homosexual or bisexual orientation in electoral poll. - Percentage reporting homosexuality in the Cardia Cohort Study. - Gays Comprise 5 Percent of Electorate in 2002, New Poll Finds.

Biological Exuberance : Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity - by Bruce Bagemihl. (Amazon.com: Reviews). (Yahoo info) (Salon Book Review) (Revue/Critique) - The Etiology of Homosexuality (and Divorce). - Homosexuality, Birth Order, and Evolution:  Towards a Equilibrium Reproductive Economics of Homosexuality. - "Fossilised Homosexuals": Elizabeth Wilson reviews Jim McKnight's: Straight Science? Homosexuality, Evolution and Adaption. - What is the Connection Between Homosexuality and Evolution? (Institute for Creation Research). - Nature, evolution and homosexuality. - Cultural Construction(s) of Same Sex Sexual Relations (PDF Download). - Proposal for a Minor in Gender, Sexuality, and Culture.

Origin of "Homo"- A modest proposal : "Homo homo sapiens sapiens" - The "third sex" that made men out of monkeys: "I suggest a prehistoric origin of "the gay little brother effect" of the last members of a large child-flock. The mothers hormonal warfare against the child in her womb was Nature's way of birth control and means of installing female values intravenously in stead of lecturing tin-eared males. Born was the care-bear, the purser, the servant, the hairdresser, the pedagogue, the nurse, the scientist, the humanist, the Renaissance Man, the creative man, the social adept ape, the social climber, the interior decorator. Gone was the aggressive, the criminal, the muscle man, the psychopath, the wifebeater, the absent father..

Gay Speech: - Gay lisp (Wikipedia). - Beyond Lisping: code switching and gay speech styles. - Speech, male sexual orientation, and childhood gender nonconformity (CGN). - Sounding gay: Nailing down just what makes a gay voice gay is as vague and slippery as human sexuality itself... - /-s/ Deletion in gay speech in São Paulo, Brazil. - Sounding Gay. - The Acoustic Correlates of Perceived Masculinity, Perceived Femininity, and Perceived Sexual Orientation. - Studies on LGBTQ Language: A Partial Bibliography (Gregory Ward, 2006).

Perceived sexual orientation and attitudes toward sounding gay or straight. - Sounding Gay: Pitch Properties in the Speech of Gay and Straight Men, by Rudolf P. Gaudio, 1994.

Munson B (in press). Pathology or social indexing?  In C. Bowen, Children's Speech Sound Disorders. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 342-346. PDF Download. Download Page.

Munson B (2009). Variation, implied pathology, social meaning, and the ‘gay lisp’: A response to Van Borsel et al. (2009). Journal of Communication Disorders. PDF Download. Download Page.

Munson B, Ferguson SH, Connealy C (2009). Perceived sexual orientation and speech style: A perceptual and acoustic analysis of intentionally clear and conversational speech. Poster presented at the spring 2009 meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Also in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125, 2574. PDF Download. Download Page.

Munson B, Hall K, Smith E (2009). An acoustic analysis of /æ/ variation and its relationship to perceived sexual orientation in American English. Poster presented at the spring 2009 meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Also in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125, 2574. PDF Download. Download Page.

Munson B (2009).  Levels of Phonological Abstraction and Knowledge of Socially Motivated Speech-Sound Variation: A Review, a Proposal, and a Commentary on the Papers by Clopper, Pierrehumbert, and Tamati; Drager; Foulkes; Mack; and Smith, Hall, and Munson. PDF Download. Download Page.

Zimmerman L (2009). Perceived sexual orientation and gender normativity: What do gay men, nerds, and female-to-male transsexuals have in common? (PDF handout). New Ways of Analyzing Variation 38. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. PDF Download. Download Page.

Zimmerman L (2009). Identity, socialization, and gay-sounding voices (PDF handout). 2nd Conference on Culture, Language, and Social Practice (CLASP). University of Colorado,  Boulder, CO. PDF Download. Download Page.

Zimmerman L (2009). One of these things is not like the others: Why power matters for the study of gay-sounding voices (PDF handout). 83rd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. San Francisco, CA. PDF Download. Download Page.

Mack S, Munson B (2008). Implicit Processing, Social Stereotypes, and the 'Gay Lisp'. Oral presentation given at the annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Chicago, IL.PDF Download. Download Page.

Smith EA, Munson B, Hall KC (2008). Rethinking the meaning of Minnesotan [æ]: sexual orientation or personal well being? Oral presentation at the conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV), Houston, TX. PDF Download. Download Page. Abstract.

Gordon BJ (2008). Gay sounds: A non-discrete model of Gay speech. Paper presented at the 15th Annual Lavender Languages & Linguistics Conference. PDF Download. Download Page.

Munson B, Babel M (2007). Loose Lips and Silver Tongues, or, Projecting Sexual Orientation Through Speech. Language and Linguistics Compass 1/5: 416–449. PDF Download. Download Page.

Christiansen R, Bleile K, Burda A (2007). How Do Gay Men Perceive Their Speech and Overall Communication? Presentation at the ASHA (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. Boston, MA. PDF Download.

Munson B, Zimmerman LJ (2006). The Perception of Sexual Orientation, Masculinity, and Femininity in Formant-Resynthesized Speech. Oral Presentation given at the Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation in Language, Columbus, OH. PDF Download. Download Page.

Crocker L, Munson B (2006). Speech Characteristics of Gender-Nonconforming Boys. Oral Presentation given at the Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation in Language, Columbus, OH. PDF Download. Download Page.

Podesva RJ, Roberts SJ, Campbell-Kibler K (2002). Sharing resources and indexing meanings in the production of gay styles. In: Language and Sexuality: Contesting Meaning in Theory and Practice. Ed. Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn, Robert J. Podesva, Sarah J. Roberts, and Andrew Wong. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. PDF Download.

Jacobs G, Smyth R, Rogers H (2000). Language and sexuality: Searching for the phonetic correlates of gay- and straight-sounding male voices. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol 18. PDF Download. Download Page.

Bibliographies: - Academic Discouses on Homosexuality: Bibliography. - Lesbian and Gay Sexualities: Course content, Bibliography. - Queer by Choice Books List. - Guide to Gay and Lesbian Resources: History and Ethnology. - Homosexualité : est-ce un genre à part ? Bibliographie sélective, Bibliothèque nationale de France. - Genetic determinism and sexual orientation bibliography. - Recommended Books For LGBTQ Youth. - GLBTRT TRANScending Identities Bibliography.

Books: - Gay Science: The Ethics Of Sexual Orientation Research - by Timothy F. Murphy. (Review) - JAMA Review. Review: The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, PDF Download) - The Science Of Desire - The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior  by Dean Hamer & Peter Copeland (40 Sample Pages) -  A Natural History of Homosexuality - 1996 - by Francis Mark Mondimore (16 Sample Pages). - Straight Science? Homosexuality, evolution and adaptation by Jim McNight.Book Review. (Australian Humanities Review (Book Review) (16 Sample Pages). Exploding the gene myth: a conversation with Ruth Hubbard, author of Exploding The Gene Myth: How Genetic Information Is Produced and Manipulated by Scientists, Physicians, Employers, Insurance Companies, Educators, and Law Enforcers (1993, 1997). (Amazon.com Reference, 20 Sample Pages) - Sexual Orientation: Toward Biological Understanding - 1997 - edited by Lee Ellis and Linda Ebertz (Reciew). - Born Gay. The psychobiology of sex orientation - 2005 - by G. Wilson and Q. Rahman (Review). 

Books: - Science and Homosexualities - 1996 - edited by Vernon A. Rosario, Harvard University  (Review) - (Review) (18 Sample Pages) "Vernon Rosario in his introductory essay draws attention to the persistence of unhelpful binary divisions in the discussion of homosexuality: nature versus nurture, normal versus pathological, essentialism versus constructionism. Such resort to binary categories seems almost over-determined, given the potential of same-sex desires to destabilise that major distinction of male/female, and the continuing attempts to draw a clear and definite line betwixt gay and straight." - DN-GAY? Ethics and the search for a scientific answer by Timothy Murphy (Review). - An American Obsession: Science, Medicine and Homosexuality in Modern Society - 1999 - by Jennifer Terry (Review). -  The Trouble with Nature: Sex in Science and Popular Culture - 2003 - by Roger N. Lancaster (Amazon Reference) (Review) (Review) [The Place of Anthropology in a Public Culture Reshaped by Bioreductivism (February 2004 Anthropology News)] -  Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People - 2004 - by Joan Roughgarden (Review) (Review).

Books: - Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.) - 1997 - by Simon LeVay  Summary of the book's sections by Simon LeVay (25 Sample Pages). - (Chapter One: Hirschfeld and the Third Sex ) (BMJ Review) - Queer Science: Chapter Outlines and three book reviews. -  Sex, Cells, and Same-Sex Desire: The Biology of Sexual Preference by John P. De Cecco , David Allen Parker (Editor) (Abstract / Table of Contents) - Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy edited by John C. Gonsiorek and James D. Weinrich (Review). - Reinventing the Male Homosexual: The Rhetoric and Power of the Gay Gene - 2002 - by Robert Alan Brookey (Abstract) (Table of Contents) (Chapter 1: PDF Download). - My Genes Made Me Do It! A Scientific Look At Sexual Orientation  - 1999 - by Neil Whitehead, Ph.D. & Briar Whitehead (Review).

Books: - Forms of Desire: Sexual Orientation and the Social Constructionist Controversy - 1990 - edited by Edward Stein (Review) (9 Sample Pages). - Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World - 1990 - edited by David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, Froma I. Zeitlin (Review) (44 Sample Pages). -  The Myth of the Modern Homosexual: Queer History and the Search for Cultural Unity - 1997 - by Rictor Norton (Review) (17 Sample Pages). - Sexual Citizenship: The Material Construction of Sexualities  - 1993 - by David T. Evans. - Male to Male: Sexual Feelings Across the Boundaries of Identity - 2000 - by Edward J. Tejirian (Related WebSite: Chapter Exerpts) (Review, Must Scroll). - Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships - 2006 - by William Benemann (Review) (Review) (Review).

Books: -  Mapping Desire: Geographies of Sexuality - 1995 - by Gill Valentine, David Bell (29 Sample Pages). - Social Perspectives in Lesbian and Gay Studies: A Reader - 1998 - edited by Peter M. Nardi and Beth E. Schneider.  - Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. - 2000 - by Anne Fausto-Sterling. (Review: Journal of Sex Research, February, 2001) (33 Sample Pages). - Epistemology of the Closet - 1990 - by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (Review). - The social construction of difference and inequality (About the Author, Table of Contents) - edited by Tracy E Ore. - If You Seduce a Straight Person, Can You Make them Gay? Issues in Biological Essentialism, versus Social Constructionism in Gay and Lesbian Identities - 1993 - Edited by John P. DeCecco and John P. Elia (Review). - Psychological Perspectives on Human Sexuality - 2000 - edited by Lenore T. Szuchman and Frank Muscarella (Review) (Review) (Amazon).

Books: -  The Construction of Homosexuality - 1988 - by David Greenberg (31 Sample Pages) (Review). - Reinventing the Sexes: The Biomedical Construction of Femininity and Masculinity - 1997 - by Marianne van den Wijngaard (Review) (Amazon.com Reference). - Straight? True Stories of Unexpected Sexual Encounters Between Men edited by Jack Hart (Amazon). - Queering the Color Line: Race and the Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture - 2000 - by Siobhan B. Somerville (Review) (Review) (Abstract) - The Mismeasure of Desire: The Science, Theory, and Ethics of Sexual Orientation - 1999 - by Edward Stein (Review: Journal of Sex Research, August, 2000). - Constructing Sexualities: Readings in Sexuality, Gender, and Culture - 2002 - edited by Suzanne LaFont. - The sexual self: the construction of sexual scripts - 2007 - edited by Michael S. Kimmel (Google Books). - Sexualities and Society: A Reader - 2003 - edited by Jeffrey Weeks, Janet Holland, Matthew Waites (Contents). 

Books: - Beyond Gay or Straight : Understanding Sexual Orientation (Issues in Lesbian and Gay Life) - 1996 - by Jan Clausen, Martin B. Duberman. - PoMoSexuals: Challenging Assumptions about Gender and Sexuality - 1997 - edited by Carol Queen and Lawrence Schimel (Abstract, Table of Contents) (Review) (9 Sample Pages). - Vice Versa: Bisexuality and the eroticism of everyday life by Marjorie Garber (Review: "Bisexuals, Cyborgs, and Chaos.") (Marjorie Garber on Bisexuality) (Interview with Marjorie Garber). - Bisexualities & AIDS: International Perspectives - 1996 - edited by Peter Aggleton (Abstract & Contents) (Review). - Representing Bisexualities: Subjects and Cultures of Fluid Desire - 1996 - edited by Donald E. Hall, Maria Pramaggiore (Review). - Sexual Nature/Sexual Culture - 1995 - edited by PR Abramson, SD Pinkerton (Abstract). -  The Puzzle. Exploring the Evolutionary Puzzle of male homosexuality - 2003 - by Louis A. Berman.

Bisexuality in the Ancient World - 1992, 1996 - by Cantarella by Eva Cantarella, Cormac Ocuilleanain (Translator). (Comments) (Review - Response to Review) - A History of Bisexuality - 2001 - by Steven Angelides (Abstract & Contents). - Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature -1997 - edited by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (Review) (Review). - Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity.- 1999 - by Craig A. Williams (Review) (Review) (18 Sample Pages). - Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence - 1998 - by Michael Rocke (18 Sample Pages). - Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World - 1990 - edited by David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, and Froma I. Zeitlin (Review) (44 Sample Pages). - Homosexualities - 2000 - by Stephen O. Murray (Review, Alternate Link) (27 Sample Pages). - The Invention of Heterosexuality - 1995 - by Jonathan Katz (Excerpt) (Review) (Review). - The Trouble With Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality - 1997 - by Mary Louise Adams (Review) (Amazon)

Search Engines & Directories: - Google.com. - Google Scholar. - MSN Search.- Proteus Search. - Wikipedia Listing of Search Engines. - All GLBT Resource Directories. - Google's GLBT Directory. - Yahoo's Directory. - DMOZ: Open Directory. - BGLAD. - Wikipedia. - GLBTQ: The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture.

Search for Free Papers / Book Reviews: The Directory of  Open-Access Journals. - All Papers are free at BioMed Cental (Open Access) & PubMed Central. - HighWire Press (Numerous Free Papers).  eScholarship Repository:  University of California, e-books, journals and peer-reviewed documents. - DSpace Eprints: Australian National University. - Virginia Tech: Digital Library / Archives. - University of Southampton CiteBase. - Eprints: University of Nottingham. - OpenJ-Gate: Open Access. -  findarticles.com: many free full text articles and papers. - Allacademic: Some free papers to either read online or download as PDFs. -  UNESCO: Articles, Report, Dissertations, Films, etc. - hal: articles en ligne (French / English Version). - E-LIS: eprints in Library & Information Services. - CogPrints: eprints. - DiVa: Scandinavian University Documents. - The International Gay & Lesbian Review (IGLR): Book Reviews & Abstracts. - OAIster: a union catalog of available digital resources. - OpenPDF.com. - OpenThesis.org.

Search for Free Articles, Papers or Reports:  FindArticles.com - The Free Library. - France Queer Resources Directory. - Séminaire gai. - The QRD. - GLBTQ: The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture. - Human Rights Campaign. - IGLHRC: The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission. - ILGA: The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. - ILGA-Europe: International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association of Europe. - Magnus Hirschfeld Archive for Sexology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. - Kinsey Institute Staff Publications. - Sexual Policy Watch Working Papers. -  NAZ Foundation International: Primary aim is to improve the sexual health and human rights of marginalised males who have sex with males, their partners and families in South Asia and elsewhere.  The World Health Orgazization. - The Body: The complete HIV/AIDS Resource. - POZ Magazine: Archive dates back to 1994.

Search for Papers, with Abstract Available (Some May Be Free): The National Library of Medicine (Free papera are highlighted). Abstracts from searches are available at: ERIC: The Education Resources Information Center (Many Free Documents). - Informaworld. - Oxford Journals (Some Open Access Content). - Springer Journals (Some Open Access Content). - ScienceDirect Journals. - University of California Press Journals on Caliber. - IngentaConnect. - Project Muse. - JSTOR: The Scholarly Journal Archive. - Wiley Interscience. - Cambridge Journals Online: Follow Link. - Sage Journals. - Palgrave Macmillan Journals. - Emerald E-journals. - University of Chicago Journals. - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Journals. - HeinOnline (Access Free Content, Law Papers). - SSRN: Social Science Research Network.

Search for Theses / Dissertations: Library & Archives Canada, Electronic Free Theses Download. - Virginia Tech: Electronic Theses and Dissertations. - Austrralian Dissertations (Abstracts Given). - Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Abstracts). - PQDTOpen Dissertations (Abstracts & Free Downloads). DART-Europe: Free Access to European Doctoral Theses. - The British Library's EThOS service (British Doctoral Theses Abstracts). - DORAS: Free Theses,  Ireland. - TEL (thèses-en-ligne). - DiVa: Scandinavian Theses / Other Documents. - BORA: Open Archive, University of Bergen, Norway.  - OAIster: a union catalog of available digital resources. Free papers also available -  Yahoo Theses Access Directory. - Google Directory: Free Access Online Archives.

Full Text Articles / Papers / Studies / Reports (and/or Abstracts):

Adams HE, Wright LW Jr, Lohr BA (1996). Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(3): 440-5. PDF Download.

Annicchiarico I (2009). Psicobiología de la homosexualidad masculina: hallazgos recientes. Universitas Psychologica [Psychobiology of Male Homosexuality: Recent Findings], 8(1). PDF Download. xx

Bagley C, Tremblay P (1998). On the prevalence of homosexuality and bisexuality in a random community survey of 750 men aged 18 to 27. The Journal of Homosexuality, 36(2), 1-18. Full Text (Draft) PubMed Abstract.

Bailey JM, Dunne MP, Martin NG (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3): 524-36. PDF Download.

Bearman, P.S. and Bruckner, H. (2002). Opposite-sex twins and adolescent same-sex attraction. American Journal of Sociology 107 1179-1205. Abstract. PDF For Working Paper. Download Page.

Bem DJ (1996). Exotic becomes erotic" a developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 103(2), 320-35. Full Text. Is EBE Theory Supported by the Evidence? Is it Androcentric? A Reply to Peplau et al. Psychological Review, 105(2), 395-8. - Full Text.

Billings, Paul (1993).Genetic discrimination and behavioral genetics: The analysis of sexual orientation.  In Intractable Neurological Disorders in Human Genome Research and Society. Proceedings of the Third International Bioethics Seminar in Fukui, 19-21 November, 1993, 35-39. Full text.

Binstock T (2001). An immune hypothesis of sexual orientation. Medical Hypotheses, 57(5): 583-590. Full Text N/A: PDF Download, PubMed Abstract.

Blanchard R, Klassen P (1997). H-Y Antigen and Homosexuality in Men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 185(3): 373-378. Full Text: PDF Download N/A, PubMed Abstract.

Bogaert, Anthony F (2000). Birth Order and Sexual Orientation in a National Probability Sample. The relations between birth order and sexual orientation in both men and women were examined in a national probability sample of the United States.  Journal of Sex Research, 37(3): 361-68. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com. (Journal of Sex Research: Table of Contents)

Boswell J (1989). Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories. In Duberman M, Vicinus M, and Chauncey G Jr., Eds. Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. New York: Meridian. - Full Text.

Bradley SJ, Oliver GD, Chernick AB, and Zucker KJ (1998).  Experiment of Nurture: Ablatio Penis at 2 Months, Sex Reassignment at 7 Months, and a Psychosexual Follow-up in Young Adulthood, Pediatrics, 102(1). PDF Download N/A. Full Text. 

Brooks, Ross (2004). The desire and pursuit of the whole: Testosterone, perceived dominance, and sexual preference in men. Full Text. PDF Download.

Bryson M, de Castell S (1993). Queer Pedagogy: Praxis Makes Im/Perfect. Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l'éducation, 18(3): 285-305. PDF Download. PDF Download.

Byrd AD, Olsen S (2002). Homosexuality: Innate and Immutable? Regent University Law Review, 14(2): 513-54. PDF Download.

Cáceres CF, Konda1 K, Segura1 ER, Lyerla R (2008). Epidemiology of male same-sex behaviour and associated sexual health indicators in low- and middle-income countries: 2003-2007 estimates. Sexually Transmiyyed Infections, 84: i49-i56. PDF Download.

Carolan B (1999). An Army of Lovers? Queering the Ministry of Defense Report of the Homosexual Policy Assessment Team. Tulsa Law Journal, 34(3): 555-566.  PDF Download. 

Chiang, Howard Hsueh-Hao (2009). Homosexual Behavior in the United States, 1988-2004: Quantitative Empirical Support for the Social Construction Theory of Sexuality. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, 12. Full Text.

Condit C (2004). Science reporting to the public: does the message get twisted? CMAJ, 170(9) :1415-6.  PDF Download.

Dawood K, Pillard RC, Horvath C, Revelle W, Bailey JM (2000). Familial aspects of male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29(2): 155-63. PubMed Abstract, PDF Download. PDF Download.

DeLamater JD, Hyde JS (1998). Essentialism vs. social constructionism in the study of human sexuality - The Use of Theory in Research and Scholarship on Sexuality.  Journal of Sex Research, 35, 10-18. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com.

Diamond LM, Savin-Williams RC (2000). Explaining Diversity in the Development of Same-Sex Sexuality Among Young Women. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2): 297-313. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com.

Dörner G, Götz F, Rohde W, Plagemann A, Lindner R, Peters H, Ghanaati Z (2001). Genetic and Epigenetic Effects on Sexual Brain Organization Mediated by Sex Hormones. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 22(6). Download Page: PDF Download. - Table of Contents for Issue # 6.

Dowsett, Gary (1994). Working-Class Homosexuality, Gay Commuity, and the Masculine Sexual (Dis)Order. Revue Sexologique, 2(2). Full Text.

Ferguson K (1997). How Peoples Get Made: Race, Performance, Judgment. Theory & Event 1(3). Full Text N/A.

Fernández J, Quiroga MA, Del Olmo I (2006). Is sexual attraction independent of the instrumental and expressive traits? The Spanish journal of psychology, 9(2): 162-70. PDF Download.

FitzGerald WA (2000). Explaining the variety of human sexuality. Medical Hypotheses, 55(5): 435-439. Full Text: PDF Download N/A, PubMed Abstract.

Gardner RA (1993). A Theory About the Variety of Human Sexual Behavior. Issues In Child Abuse Accusations, 5(2): 105-124. Full Text.

Garnets LD, Peplau AP (2000). Understanding Women's Sexualities and Sexual Orientations: An Introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2): 181-192. Full Text. PDF Download. Download Page.

Gatherer, Derek (2001). Modelling the effects of memetic taboos on genetic homosexuality. Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission, 4. Full Text.

Gavrilets C, Rise WR (2006). Genetic models of homosexuality: generating testable predictions. Procedings of the Royal Society, B: 3031–3038. PDF Download.

Hall, Lynn S (2000). Dermatoglyphic Analysis of Total Finger Ridge Count in Female Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Sexual Orientation. Journal of Sex Research, 37(4): 315-20. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com. (Journal of Sex Research: Table of Contents)

Heckert J (2005). Resisting Orientation: On the Complexities of Desire and the Limits of Identity Politics. PhD Thesis, The University of Edinburgh. Download Page.

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Hostetler AJ, Herdt GH (1998). Culture, sexual lifeways, and developmental subjectivities: rethinking sexual taxonomies. Social Research, 65(2): 249-91. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com.

Jackson PA (1998), Thai Buddhist accounts of male homosexuality and AIDS in the 1980s.  The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 6(3): 140-153. Full Text.

James WH (2001). Finger-length Ratios, Sexual Orientation and Offspring Sex Ratios. Journal of Theoretical Biology,212(3): 273-274. Full Text: PDF Download N/A, PubMed Abstract.

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Khan S (1996). Culture, Sexualities, and Identities: men who have sex with men in South Asia. Naz Foundation International. PDF Download. Download Page.

Kamin LJ, Goldberger AS (2002).  Twin Studies in Behavioral Research: A Skeptical View. Theoretical Population Biology, 61(1): 83-95. Full Text: PDF Download N/A, PubMed Abstract.

Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Gilman SE, Kessler RC (2000). Sexual orientation in a U.S. national sample of twin and nontwin sibling pairs.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(11): 1843-6. PDF Download.

Kopelson, Karen (2002). Dis/Integrating the Gay/Queer Binary: “Reconstructed Identity Politics” for a Performative Pedagogy. College English, 65(1): 17-35. PDF Download N/A.

Lenni E (2009). Moving Beyond the Binary: Exploring the Dimensions of Gender Presentation and Orientation. International Journal of Social Inquiry. 2(2): 39-54. PDF Download.

Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual (LGB) Youth Sexual Orientation Measurement Work Group (2003). Measuring Sexual Orientation of Young People in Health Research. Report from the April 2001Scientific Workshop to Measure Health Concerns of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth. PDF Download.

Levay S (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science, 253(5023), 1034-1037. Research result summary. (Must scroll down page to locate information. Automatic Download of File). - Full Text. PDF Download N/A.

MacKay, Judith (2001). Global sex: sexuality and sexual practices around the world. Sexual & Relationship Therapy, 16(1): 71-82. PDF Download.

Mahalingam,R. (2003). Essentialism, culture, and beliefs about gender among the Aruvanis of Tamil Nadu, India. Sex Roles, 49, 9/10, 489-496. Full Text N/A, Find Articles: findarticles.com. Abstract. 

Manguno-Mire GM, Geer JH (1998). Network Knowledge Organization: Do Knowledge Structures for Sexual and Emotional Information Reflect Gender or Sexual Orientation? Sex Roles, 39(9/10): 705-729. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com.

Mays VM, Cochran SD (1998). Kinsey and Male Homosexuality in the African-American Population: A Question of Fit. In Plummer, K. (Ed.). Sexualities: Studies in Culture and Society: 98-100. London: Sage. PDF Download.

McKenna KYA, et al. (2001). Demarginalizing the sexual self. Journal of Sex Research. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com.

Milisitz J (). The etiology of sexual desire. Dissertation. PDF Download. 

Mohr RD (1995). The Perils of Postmodernism. The Harvard Gay & Lesbian Review, Fall, 9-13. - Full text.

Mubarak D (2001). Why we are gay? (Everybody has an idea: It's genetics--we're born that way. It's our mothers and testosterone in the womb. It's the environment as we were growing up....). The Advocate, July 17. 13 pages. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com.

Muehlenhard CL (2000). Categories and Sexuality.(Review) Journal of Sex Research, 37(2): 101-07. Full Text. (Journal of Sex Research: Table of Contents)

Mumford KJ (1996). Race, Cultural Geography, and the Emergence of the Gay. American Quarterly 48(3), 395-414. Full Text. Subscription needed.

Munsey, David (1997). The Love That Need Not Name its Speaker. National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, 2(1).  Full Text.

Muscarella F, Fink B, Grammer K, Michael Kirk-Smith M (2001). Homosexual Orientation in Males: Evolutionary and Ethological Aspects. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 22(6). Full Text. PDF Download. - Alternate PDF Download - Table of Contents for Issue # 6.

Mustanski BS,  Chivers ML,  Bailey JM (2002). A critical review of recent biological research on human sexual orientation. Annual Review of Sex Research: 89-.  PDF Download. Full Text.

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Peplau LA, Cochran SD (1990). A Relationship Perspective on Homosexuality. In D.P. McWhirter, S.A. Sanders & J.M. Reinisch (Eds.). Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of Sexual Orientation: 321-49.. New York: Oxford. PDF Download. PDF Download. Download Page.

Peplau LA, Garnets LD (2000). A New Paradigm for Understanding Women's Sexuality and Sexual Orientation. Journal of Social Issues,  56(2): 330-350. Full Text. PDF Download. Download Page.

Peplau LA, Garnets LD, Spalding LR, Conley TD, Veniegas RC (1998). A critique of Bem's "Exotic Becomes Erotic" theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 105(2): 387-394. PDF Download. Download Page.

Peplau LA, Spalding LR, Conley TD, Veniegas RC (1999). The development of sexual orientation in women. Annual Review of Sex Research, 10: 70-99. PDF Download. Download Page.

Phellas CN (2003). Greek Sexual Culture, Identity and Ethnicity. Paper presented at The 1st Hellenic Observatory PhD Symposium on Modern Greece:  "Current Social Science Research on Greece." PDF Download. Download Page. PDF Download.

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Prestage, Garrett (2002). Investigating sexuality : a personal review of homosexual behaviour, identities and subcultures in social research. PhD Thesis, Philosophy, University of New South Wales. Download Page: Title, Contents, Abstract. Chapters 1-7, Bibliography, Appendices.

Rahman Q, Wilson GD (2003). Born gay? The psychobiology of human sexual orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 34: 1337–1382. PDF Download.

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Rosario, VA (2002). Science and Sexual Identity: An Essay Review. Journal of the History of Medicine and Alllied Sciences, 57(1): 79-85. Download Page N/A: PDF Download N/A.

Rothblum AD (2000). Sexual Orientation and Sex in Women's Lives: Conceptual and Methodological Issues. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2): 193-204. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com. (Blackwell Abstract)

Rupp, Leila (2001). Toward A Global History of Same-Sex Sexuality. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 10(2): 287-302. Full Text. (Also in: abrys, estudos feministas, études féministes, 4, 2004)

Rust, Paula C. Rodriguez (2000). Bisexuality: A Contemporary Paradox for Women. Journal of Social Issues,  56(2): 205-221. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com.

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Safir MP, Rosenmann A, Kloner O (2003). Tomboyism, Sexual Orientation, and Adult Gender Roles Among Israeli Women. Sex Roles, 48(9/10): 401-410. Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com.

Safron A, Barch B, Bailey JM, Gitelman DR, Parrish TB, Reber PJ (2007). Neural correlates of sexual arousal in homosexual and heterosexual men. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121(2): 237-48. PDF Download.

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Seitler D (2004). Queer physiognomies; or, how many ways can we do the history of sexuality? Criticism, 46(1): 71-102. Full Text.

Sloman S, Malt B (2003). Artifacts are not ascribed essences, nor are they treated as belonging to kinds. Language and Cognitive Processes, 18(5/6): 563-582. Ingenta.com Abstract. PDF Dowmload.

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St. John Oliver Campbell J, I’Anson C (2005). Beyond Gender Essentialism and the Social Construction of Gender: Redefining the Conception of Gender through a Reinvestigation of Transgender Theory. PDF Dowmload. 

Swaab DF, Chung WCJ, Kruijver FPM, Hofman MA, Ishunina TA (2001). Structural and Functional Sex Differences in the Human Hypothalamus. Hormones and Behavior, 40(2): 93-98. Ingenta.com Abstract. PDF Download.

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Veniegas RC, Conley TD (2000). Biological Research on Women's Sexual Orientations: Evaluating the Scientific Evidence. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2): 267-282 . Full Text, Find Articles: findarticles.com.

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Weir DH (2002). An Odyssey of Sexual/Gender Evolution: An Autoethnographical Study of the United States from the 1950s to the Present. PhD Dissertation. Maimonides University. PDF Download. 

Werner Dennis (1998). Sobre a evolução e variação cultural na homossexualidade masculina. In Joana Maria Pedro e Miriam Pillar Grossi (orgs). Masculino, Feminino Plural. Florianópolis: ed. Mulheres, 99-129. Internet Availability of the English translation of "On the Evolution and Cross-Cultural Variation in Male Homosexuality."  Full Text. New Home Page.

Whitehead NE (2007). An antiboy antibody? Re-examination of the maternal immune hypothesis. Journal of Biosocial Science, 39(6): 905-21. PDF Download.

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Wu KK, Leung EY, Leung AY (2008). A survey on Same-Sex Attraction in Secondary School Adolescents: Prevalence and Psychosocial Factors. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 18: 15-22. PDF Download.

Wunsch, Serge (2007). Rôle et importance des processus de renforcement dans l'apprentissage du comportement de reproduction chez l'homme. [Evolution from mammalian heterosexual reproductive behavior to human erotic bisexuality.] PhD Dissertation, Neurosciences Intégratives, L'École Pratique des Hautes Études. Full Text.

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