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A GLBTQ EDUCATION INTERNET RESOURCES Homosexuality: Innate? Learned? Both?

Index: Homosexuality:  Biological  or  Learned ? -  - Public School Issues -  - Transgender / Transvestite / Transsexual -  - Lesbian  &  Bisexual Women -  - Homo-Negativity / Phobia -  - Identity Formation  &  Coming Out -  - Counseling  &  Therapy -  - Professional Education  -  - Bisexuality -  - Religion   &  Spirituality -  - Male  Youth Prostitution -  - HIV-AIDS -  - Gay & Bisexual Male Suicide Problems -  - GLBT  History -  - Community Attributes  &  Problems -  - Drug / Alcohol Use / Abuse / Addiction  -  - Couples / Families / Children / Adoption / Spousal Violence -  - The Elderly -  - Race/Ethnic Minority Issues: U.S., Canada, Europe,  New Zealand & Australia -  -  Latin America / Africa -  - Middle East / Asia

Homosexuality: Is It Biological ? Learned ? Both?

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The Best Search Engines & Information Directories, The Searchable Sites to Locate Papers & Abstracts...
And The Sites - Some Searchable - Where "Free Papers" Are Available!

The Gay 'Gene' / 'Genes' Search & Related Issues

Biological Determination Of Sexuality Heating Up As A Research Field (The Scientist, Jan 8, 1996). - Is homosexuality genetic? A critical review and some suggestions (1996): To date, all studies of the genetic basis of sexual orientation of men and women have failed to meet one or more or any of the above criteria.  - Some of the ongoing research on the genetics of homosexuality and on masculinity, femininity, and sexual orientation by J. Michael Bailey. - Are people straight or gay? Most theories say yes N/A. - The Question of Questions: Beyond Binary Thinking: This is a shortened version of the first chapter of Rethinking Language and Gender Research.  - Sexual Gender: This essay will show you how gender is a lot less 'black and White' than we have always believed.

Preference v. Orientation: The Search for a Gay Gene (1999). - 6/12/95 Science, Time Magazine: Search for a gay gene (1995). - Molecular Genetic Study of Sexual Orientation: Researchers from the NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Northwestern University, University of Chicago, and University of Illinois at Chicago are searching for genes that influence male sexual orientation. We are seeking families with two or more living gay brothers to assist us in our research. Participants are asked to provide a DNA sample (blood or saliva) and answer questionnaires. Participants will be reimbursed for time and any expenses associated with the study... - This FAQ provides background information about the “Molecular Genetic Study of Sexual Orientation,” which is under the direction of Dr. Alan R. Sanders. The FAQ also describes some background on sexual orientation research, especially with regards to gay men, and a discussion of some of the ethical, legal, and social implications of sexual orientation research. - Determinismo reducionista biológico e a explicação do comportamento [Reductionist biological determinism and the explanation of behavior., Google Translation].

My genes made me do it (1995): (Alternate Link) " Just about every week now, we read new headlines about the genetic basis for breast cancer, homosexuality, intelligence, or obesity. In previous years, these stories were about the genes for alcoholism, schizophrenia, and manic depression. Such news stories may lead us to believe our lives are being revolutionized by genetic discoveries. We may be on the verge of reversing and eliminating mental illness, for example. In addition, many believe, we can identify the causes of criminality, personality, and other basic human foibles and traits. But these hopes, it turns out, are based on faulty assumptions about genes and behavior. Although genetic research wears the mantle of science, most of the headlines are more hype than reality... In the debate over the genetics of homosexuality, the data supporting a genetic basis are similarly weak... But for many, the politics of a homosexual gene outweigh the science. A genetic explanation for homosexuality answers bigots who claim homosexuality is a choice which should be rejected. But to accept that nongenetic factors contribute to homosexuality does not indicate prejudice against gays..." - A Modern Refrain: My Genes Made Me Do It (2005). -  My Genes Made Me Do It! - A Scientific Look At Sexual Orientation - 1999 - by Neil Whitehead, Briar Whitehead (Review: Includes voluminous references to support their thesis that homosexual activities do not have or have very little genetic basis. Our sexuality, as well as most of our behavior, they believe, is all about the learning process. The Whiteheads do not appear to be on a fundamentalist moral crusade since they also believe that neither homosexual nor heterosexual orientation is genetic!) (Reviews).

Now What? The Latest Theory of Homosexuality (2000). - Searching for the Sin Gene (1993). - The Gay Gene: What does it matter? (1996). - Is There Really A Gay Gene? (2009).  - Defining terms used in working with male-to-male sex in South Asia (2004): PDF Download. - New Genetics Study Undermines Gay Gene Theory (2005. Alternate Link). - Sniffing Out the Gay Gene (2005). - Homosexuality is natural. - Saint Aelred the Queer: The Surprising History of Homosexuality and Homophobia.  - Gay By Choice? The Science of Sexual Identity (2007): If science proves sexual orientation is more fluid than we've been led to believe, can homosexuality still be a protected right? - Queer physiognomies; or, how many ways can we do the history of sexuality? - Heroic Heretical Heterosexuality (2004). - Are there asexuals among us? On the possibility of a "fourth" sexual orientation (2009). - Homosexual selection: The power of same-sex liaisons (2009). - Hunting the gay gene (2007): With the pendulum swinging back and forth between nature and nurture as explanations for sexual preference, critics argue that science is asking a simplistic – and dangerous – question. - Genetic and Biological Causes of Homosexuality: The Genesis of Homosexuality (2009): The idea of a gay gene is pretty silly - since most traits are polygenic, meaning that they are determined by many genes, not just one single gene...

From limp wrist to long finger (New Statesman) (2000): Neil McKenna thought he was gay; now science says he's not. He fears that it will all end badly. - The Binary Oppositions of Inclusive Identities (1997, Alternate Link). - An Interview with my Inner Critic.(2001, Alternate Link): It does not take a genius to see that a person who can masturbate can engage in sex with a person of either gender, and we know that heterosexuals will engage in same-sex sex under the right circumstances, so the potential for homosexual sex probably lies in our large problem-solving brains, not in one or a few isolated genes.

Sex and Race in the Long Shadow of the Human Genome Project - 2006 - by Roger N. Lancaster. - Jurassic Park and the "Gay Gene": The new genetics seen through the distorting lens of the media (1993). - The gay baby (2007): Science may soon allow you to predict - and even alter - the sexual orientation of your unborn child. If that happens, no matter what you believe about gay rights or abortion, life will never be the same. - My top ten reasons for believing that there is a genetic component to homosexuality (Word Download). - Homosexuality is biological, not just genetic (2004).

I'm gay, but I'm not sure it's genetic (2002). - Metaphysics, Science, Homosexuality. Are we talking biology or choice? 13 possible causes for homosexuality (2005).  - Causes of Homosexuality: A Christian Appraisal of the Data (2005). - ProCon Summary: Is sexual orientation determined at birth? - Neurobiological Bases of Homosexuality? Some Evidence and Inquiries (2008): Until such studies can successfully establish lines of causality, however, consideration of other non-biological factors may not be dismissed. - Behavioral Genetics: Can We Know Too Much? (2007). 

Gay? it's all in the genes, says UCLA study (2003): "Is there such a thing as a gay gene? Scientists at UCLA have discovered 54 genes in mice which suggest that homosexuality may not be a choice as sexual identity is hard-wired into the brain before birth... While stressing the study was "not about finding the gay gene," Dr Vilain said “the first human implication will be to understand transexualism, which is different than homosexuality.” ...Dr Vilain added that finding the exact gene that results in homosexuality would require considerable more research and added that if future research does determine conclusively that homosexuality is genetic and not a choice, the implications would be huge."

A Pre-Birth Determination? (2007) Pity the poor fetus. There's a lot coming its way. And now there's talk on a conservative evangelical blog of a hypothetical hormone patch that an expectant mother might wear to eradicate her fetus's natural gayness. The patch, the biological determinism: It's all conjecture, for now..."  - Born That Way? Facts and Fiction about homosexuality (2004). - Choosing the Sexual Orientation of Children: "This paper considers the moral and legal implications of such procedures (whether or not they would work). It is argued that the availability of procedures to select the sexual orientation of children would contribute to discrimination and prejudice against lesbians, gay men and bisexuals and, more generally, undermine the maintenance of a just society." - Is Your Baby Gay? What If You Could Know? What If You Could Do Something About It? (2007).

Tyranny of the heterosexual/homosexual binary?  - Unresolved Issues in Scientific Sexology: "The majority of men and women who report homosexual feelings and/or behavior report predominant heterosexual feelings and behavior and do not identify as homosexual. These consistent findings remain ignored. Studies of the etiology and development of homosexuality and heterosexuality treat them as distributed categorically rather than dimensionally and investigate only self-identified homosexuals and heterosexuals. With this methodology the predominantly heterosexual majority are excluded or misclassified."

The Hypothetical Genetics of Sexual Orientation (1994). -  Biological Correlates of being Gay - Biological Determinism? (2000). - Is there a Biological Basis for Sexual Orientation? (2000).  - The "Gay Gene" WebSite. Moderated by Chandler Burr, author of A separate creation: the search for the biological origins of sexual orientation (1996). - The Gay Gene: Research and Commentary.  -  Why Conservatives Should Embrace the Gay Gene (1996). - A review of current literature provides a compelling body of research linking sexual orientation to genes. But I'd like to play devil's advocate here. - Homosexuality and biology by C. Burr in the Atlantic Monthly (1993). - The Gay Gene: Assertions, Retractions, and Controversy (2002). - Revealing Same-Sex Attraction’s Evolutionary Role: One researcher brings back a dead hypothesis (2010, Paul Vasey, based on fa'afafine in Samoa). 

Do Genes Determine Whether We are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Straight? (The Council for Responsible Genetics) - Links to Critiques of "Gay Gene" Studies. - Are People "Born Gay?" A look at the most cited biological research studies. Quotations from Gay Researchers LeVay and Hamer. - Genetics and Homosexuality: No conclusions can be drawn from studies relating genetics to sexual orientation, according to an October 30, 1996 panel at the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) annual meetings in San Francisco. (Nov. '96: New site does not supply this item). (Gene Letter Review) - Science, 'Gay Genes', and the 'Third Sex' by Udo Schüklenk (1997). - But God made me this way (2002). - Demystifying homosexuality (2004).

Born Gay Forum: Paul Billings & Jonathan Beckwith (1993). - Billings, Paul (1993): Genetic discrimination and behavioral genetics: The analysis of sexual orientation. -  The Gay Gene? (Jeffrey Satinover, M.D.) -  Homosexuality: Nature, Nurture and Compassion (Probe Ministries). -  Science and Sexuality (Anglican, New Zealand) (1995). - The New Eugenics (2003): "The problem is that it may eventually become possible not just to cull embryos associated with dwarfism, but also to screen out baldness, pug noses or homosexuality, or even to choose the embryo most likely to get into Yale." - A critical review of recent biological research on human sexual orientation. (Full Text) (Full Text). - Discover Magazine June 2007 Article (Full Text): Born Gay? Is homosexuality nature or nurture?  Science is homing in on the answer. - Genetics, environment tied to homosexuality: study (2008). - Gay Is Not All in the Genes (2008). - Is gender nonconforming behavior in children indicative of adult homosexual orientation? - Bio-Rhetoric, Background Beliefs, and the Biology of Homosexuality (2001).

Gene Scam? (Or access via search) - No "homosexual gene" can be found, new study says. - Is there a homosexuality gene? (2006). - The Gay Gene: Going, Going... Gone. - Genes influencing male homosexuality identified (2005). - The Search For a "Gay Gene": Quest Finds Few Solid Answers, Opens Up Debate Over Its Merits. - The repressive politics of homosexuality : To suggest, as he does, that homosexuality is changeable threatens the prevailing homosexual credo - that it is inborn and immutable (1997).- Discovery of "Gay Gene" Questioned: Research 1999 - University of Western Ontario (1999). Related article - Study fails to support existence of a `gay gene' (1999). - The "Gay Gene" studies. - A gay gene? How about 54 of them? - Science - research on genetic aspects of sexual identity (2003). (Note: All human identities are learned. e.g. Having an "African American" identity is "learned" and did not exist before Black African people came to America. Ditto for French Canadians.). - The self-righteous gene: debunking the notion of a gay gene (1999). - Homosexuality: "For years scientists have been attempting to ascertain whether or not homosexual behavior can be linked to a biological catalyst..." - Sexual Orientation Lecture Notes. Lesbigay Special Interest Group of NAFSA: Association of International Educators: About 400 human sexualities. - Why Are We Gay? (The Advocate, 2001). - Genetic essentialism and social deviance: an anthology N/A: Paper in Book: Deviance and Deviants (2000).

The Neurobiology of Sex/Gender-Based Attraction (2010): Abstract... "What causes same-sex attraction? Or, more broadly, what controls sex/gender-based attraction? Over the years there have been numerous theories, but more recently scientists have focused on the biology and, more specifically, the neurobiology of gender-based attraction. This article takes the reader through a critical review of the current literature related to sex/gender-based attraction. In examining this literature it is important to ask who is doing the studies, who has an interest in the results, and how the assumptions of the investigator and the audience affect the study design and conclusions." Ending of Paper: Sexuality is more complicated than we could ever imagine, and yet we use rather simple language to describe it. Sociobiological theory tells us that we have certain “predispositions,” and that culture overlays and shapes those. However, we assume that these predispositions are the same as the categories of sexuality that we have culturally created. We argue that people are “born” with predispositions to be gay and then those are shaped by culture. What if there is no predisposition to be gay? What if we are born with an interest in or arousal to soft things, rough things, tall or short things, old or young, passive or active, or certain smells? What if even those descriptors are too broad? Gayle Rubin makes this point by comparing sexuality to our appetite for food: “The belly’s hunger gives no clues as to the complexities of cuisine. The body, the brain, the genitalia, and the capacity for language are all necessary for human sexuality. But they do not determine its content, its experiences, or its institutional forms. . . . It is impossible to think with any clarity about the politics of race or gender as long as they are thought of as biological entities rather than as social constructs. Similarly, sexuality is impervious to political analysis as long as it is primarily conceived as a biological phenomenon or an aspect of individual psychology. Sexuality is as much a human product as are diets, methods of transportation, systems of etiquette, forms of labor, types of entertainment, processes of production, and modes of oppression.” (Rubin, 1993) - The Social Construction of Sex: Intersex as Evidence (2009).

What is Queer? (1998) "The lesbian woman or the gay man is constructed by a heterosexual society and a part of this. The opposite standpoint is essentialism, or biodeterminism, and would argue that there is a biological explanation of homosexuality, as well as arguing that gender is rooted in our biological sexes. We both find this idea quite absurd; if gender is biological,..." - Notes on show (Listen to Episode): Original Airdate 04/19/2005 - Genetic Determinism: "John Dupré, Professor of Sociology and Director of EGenIS (ESRC Centre for Genomics in Society), University of Exeter... Are there genes for practically everything? For being gay? For being mean? For being a philosopher? Does modern science show that we are largely the product of our genes --- or not? ... Dupre thinks that genetic determinism is false. Does this mean that anyone can become anything? What does his view entail? There are limits, but they are not imposed solely by genes. Dupre thinks we should shift from focusing on the genome to concentrating on development." [Note: At the site, the link for the article is dead, but is given here: "Article discussing whether there is a gene for homosexuality". 

Homosexuality: choice or fixed orientation? - ‘Choice’ of homosexuality focus of dueling meetings: Activists counter faith-based group (2010). - Accepting What Cannot Be Changed (1999). (Alternate Link) - Toward the "New Synthesis": Evolution, Human Nature, and the Social Sciences (Choice Magazine, Sept., 1998).  -  Homosexuality and the Truth: Is it Natural and Normal? - Sexual acts are a choice, but desire simply exists (Must Scroll). - Study says gender identity may be malleable after all (1998, Alternate Link). - Being gay is a choice. - Is Being Gay a Choice? (2009, YouTube). - Is homosexuality inherited? (1995). - Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy: Special 1998 Issue on Etiology of Homosexuality - Abstracts. - Homosexuality: Theories of Etiology (1998). - Of evolution and homosexuality (2004).

Scientific communities, gay communities and the production of knowledge: The social construction of biological ideas about same-sex sexuality (2001).  - Ain't no cure for love (2006): "If life for homosexuals is limited to choices between prayer, punishment or therapy, where's the good stuff? With support groups that offer homosexuals a space to express thoughts and feelings without making them feel like they need to change. This, rather than pathologising their lives, is what really helps, writes Vinay Chandran..." - Being Gay Is Not A Choice. Is Homosexuality an Innate or Learned Behavior? (2006). - Do Gays Have a Choice? (2006) Science offers a clear and surprising answer to a controversial question... Sexual orientation exists on a continuum, with genes and environment determining where people end up. - Homosexuality: A Choice or Biological Destiny? (2009). 

Homosexuality and Science: Biology and the Social Sciences (By Jeramy Townsley, Presented at the Midwestern Bisexual Lesbian Gay Transgender Allies College Conference, February 2001). Sexuality/Gender Terms. - Theories of Etiology: Psycho-social Origins, Biological Origins. - Social Science Research Homosexuality: Professional Opinion on our Mental Health, Psychological Testing, Queer relationships, Myths about Homosexual Behaviors, Prevalence of Homosexuality in Contemporary Western Societies, Mental Health Issues Facing the Queer Community.

Conservatives applaud "gay gene" theory: The Weekly Standard Says Theory Shows "Cure" Potential (1997). - Studies suggest human behavior isn't as predetermined as some thought (1999). - Official says genetic link won't help gays (1995). - New research claims to prove that homosexuals are born and not made. Peter Ray thinks that idea is unscientific, irrational - and very dangerous N/A. (by Peter Ray, from Living Marxism, No. 50, December 1992—on Simon LeVay's "gay brain" study.). Genetic Testing's Political Implications Must Be Addressed (1997, The Scientist). - The Science Of Sexuality Still Needs Social Science (1995, The Scientist): "Even though the researcher himself is offering genetics only as part of the explanation for an unknown percentage of the homosexual population, many scientists and laypersons alike have jumped on the genetic bandwagon as a complete answer to the more cosmic question of sexual orientation. - Gay or straight? Watch his walk (2007): New study suggests body movement gives clues to sexual orientation... “There’s reason to think that gay people can’t conceal their homosexuality,” says Michael Bailey, a professor of psychology at Northwestern University. “I don’t think it’s a performance that gay people enact. I think it’s something that either is inborn, or it’s acquired very early, perhaps by watching members of the other sex.” - Are homosexual brains different from birth? (2008).

Genetic and Environmental Effects on Same-sex Sexual Behavior (Full Text, 2008): - Society's attitudes have little impact on choice of sexual partner. - Swedish twin study: Q & A with J. Michael Bailey. 

Council For Responsible Genetic: - Brief on Sexual Orientation and Genetic Determinism (May 2006, Alternate Link):  "We are sexual beings, yet this does not mean that we are born homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual. Our sexual expression can change over time, towards different people, through different experiences. A lack of understanding about this type of human variability often leads to a perspective that our genes define who we are. Each of the above areas of research displays findings that hinge on the assumption that a given individual’s sexual expression neatly fits into the categories “straight” and “gay.” By not considering evidence of human sexual fluidity, debates regarding origins and biology are not substantial or complete. Current efforts fail to tell the whole story. And even if we were to accept that the assigned sexual orientation of the individuals participating in these studies accurately reflected their lifelong expression, conclusive proof of a link between this and their genes has yet to be found..."

Special Issue of Qualitative Sociology, 2003: Sex and Sociology: Sociological Studies of Sexuality, 1910-1978 (Abstracts): - “The Sociologist as Voyeur”: Social Theory and Sexuality Research, 1910–1978. - The City as a Sexual Laboratory: The Queer Heritage of the Chicago School. - Introduction to “Sexual Scripts: Origins, Influences and Changes.” - Sexual Scripts: Origins, Influences and Changes: Sex and Sociology: Sociological Studies of Sexuality, 1910-1978. - Sex and Gender in the 1970s: Sex and Sociology: Sociological Studies of Sexuality, 1910-1978: "Even in the 2000s, the stigma of homosexuality has not entirely disappeared. And, above all, the essentializing categories of homosexual, bisexual and heterosexual remain firmly entrenched in public discourse, sociological analysis, homophobia and gay activism." - Queers, Bodies and Postmodern Sexualities: A Note on Revisiting the “Sexual” in Symbolic Interactionism. - Gay-for-Pay: Straight Men and the Making of Gay Pornography. - Gay For Pay. - Gay for Pay: Are there really any straight men in gay porn? - What Makes People Gay? (2005, Alternate Link) "The debate has always been that it was either all in the child's upbringing or all in the genes. But what if it's something else?" - What makes people gay or straight, by Desmond Morris (2007). - Does Biology Have Anything to Contribute to Thinking About Sex and Gender? (2004).

Rejecting the Gay Brain (and choosing homosexuality) (1994). - On choosing a homosexual lifestyle (1987). - Choice in Sexual Orientation: The Sword That Cuts Both Ways (1997). - We're here, we're queer, we're genetically determined N/A. - La recherche des causes de l'homosexualité: une science-fiction? (Google Translation) by Michel Dorais (Dorais Michel, 1994, “ La recherche des causes de l'homosexualité : une science fiction ? ” in Welzer-Lang D., Dutey P., Dorais M., La peur de l'autre en soi, du sexisme à l'homophobie, Montréal, V.L.B., pp. 92-146.) - Queer by Choice Site. - A variety of information related to 'choosing' one's sexual orientation. - Queer by choice: lesbians, gay men, and the politics of identity - 1996 - by Vera Whisman (Google Books) (Review). - The Sociology of Human Sexuality: Homosexuality: Gay and Lesbian Sexual Behavior. - What Ever Happened to Ritual Homosexuality? The Incitement of Modern Sexual Subjects in Melanesia and Elsewhere by Bruce M. Knauft, Department of Anthropology, Emory University (Word 97 Download N/A, Author's CV).

From Exotic To Erotic- Roots of sexual orientation found in personality, childhood friendships: a developmental theory of sexual orientation (1996, Alternate Link, Alternate Link) - Bem DJ (1996). Exotic becomes erotic:  a developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 103(2), 320-35. - Full text online (Alternate Link). - Bem DJ (1997). Exotic Becomes Erotic: Explaining the Enigma of Sexual Orientation. Full text online  Is EBE Theory Supported by the Evidence? Is it Androcentric? A Reply to Peplau et al. Psychological Review, 105(2), 395-8. Full text online (Alternate Link). Related publications: - Abstracts of Recent Bem Articles: Complete text of underlined titles are online and can be accessed directly. - Interpreting Biological Correlates of Sexual Orientation (Alternate Link). - Offending Gender: Being and Wanting in Male Same-Sex Desire.

Biological Research on Women's Sexual Orientations: Evaluating the Scientific Evidence.- by Rosemary C. Veniegas (Journal of Social Issues, Summer, 2000) - Categories and Sexuality.- (Review) by Charlene L. Muehlenhard (Journal of Sex Research, May, 2000) - Understanding Women's Sexualities and Sexual Orientations: An Introduction - by Linda D. Garnets (Journal of Social Issues Summer, 2000) - Culture and Women's Sexualities - by Evelyn Blackwood (2000). - A scholar finds women's sexual orientation to be surprisingly fluid (2007). 

Lesbian Identity and the Politcs of Butch-Femme Roles. - Butch - Femme Information. - Butch An Evolving Identity. - Butch-Femme Resources on the Web. - The Porcelain Throne: Meditations by a hickster dyke on the conundrums of identity, activism, diversity, and toilets (On Labels)... Identity is a strange thing, coming and going like a psychosis. - On Sexuality, Labels and Identity. - Sorting the Alphabet Soup of Sexual Orientation and Identity: a Guide to LBGT Sources (PDF Download). - What do women really want?.....another woman?! - Building Boxes and Policing Boundaries: (De)Constructing Intersexuality, Transgender and Bisexuality (2008).

Genetic homosexuality: 21st century phrenology (2004): "It’s a modern, Western conceit that homosexuality is something aberrant and unusual, which must be “explained.” There have been numerous societies in which homosexual behavior was accepted as a social norm and even seen as desirable, and in these societies essentially all of the men engaged in homosexuality when circumstances allowed. There are too many of these societies, arising independently from too many different races and in too many different areas, for there to be a common genetic explanation for the near-total incidence of homosexuality in these societies (accepting the genetic hypothesis, one would have to assume all men in these societies had the “gay gene”). Social norms, not genetics, dictated these societal differences; the idea that we are stamped “GAY” or “STRAIGHT” at conception reflects ignorance of the historical record. Similar study of any other sexual preference also tends to show virtually all of our sexual preferences (skin color, body type, lip size, eye color, hair color) are more a function of our social environment than our genes..."

Discussing results of "genetic" studies in Singapore: Brother and Twins (1997):  Get any group of people together and let them talk long enough about homosexuality, and I can guarantee you the nature/nurture topic will come up. Many straight people will offer all sorts of pet theories about how people "turned" gay, but almost all gay persons will aver that it is in-born. They believe so because their sexual orientation is not something they have ever chosen, nor something they can unchoose. This, of course, is oversimplified. A lot of things that are acculturated in us, like feelings of guilt in certain situations, or our sense of ethnic identity, are, except for a handful who can somehow radically unmake themselves, an essential part of us, inerasable till the day we die. In other words, even if our gayness is something we cannot excise from ourselves, it doesn't necessarily mean it must be in-born...- Discovery and dissimulation (1997). -  The Hormones Did It! - Essence and Fluidity (1998). - Where Straight Men Come From (1999). - "Where Gay Boys Come From" by Camille Paglia, 1994, Havard Gay & Lesbian Review.

 Peter Tatchell suggests that gay identity has nothing to do with biology and everything to do with homophobia. Winning gay freedom will make gay identity redundant. - Homosexual Honesty (2008): A very revealing case of homosexual honesty comes from Peter Tatchell, an Australian-born, British-based homosexual activist, who spills the beans on the "gay gene". There is none, he asserts, and says homosexual desire is not genetically determined. Writing for Spiked online, June 24, 2008, he makes some very interesting remarks about homosexual determinism. He in fact sounds very much like, well, me. I have been saying similar things for years, and have been howled down by the homosexual lobby as bigoted, intolerant and homophobic. But it is nice to hear homosexuals saying similar things... - Related "Peter Tatchell" Articles: Gene Genie: Genetic explanations of homosexuality don't add up and are doomed to failure. - Born Gay Or Made Gay? Genes and hormones alone cannot explain the complexity of human sexuality - Born Gay Or Made Gay? How, Why and Does it Matter? (2008) Claims that sexuality is determined in the womb do not add up. - Homosexuality isn’t natural (2006): Biology is not destiny. One-sided genetic explanations of homosexuality are crude, simplistic and doomed to failure.

Problems With Media Reporting on Genetic Study Results

The Portrayal of Research into Genetic-Based Differences of Sex and Sexual Orientation: A Study of "Popular" Science Journals, 1980 to 1997 (1999): "The study uncovered a number of enduring images of genetic research and genetic differences that underlie shifts in research foci evident during this period. The article discusses the nature of these images and implicit gender and heterosexist biases and argues the case for further analysis of how the media portrays genetic difference." - Constructing the ‘Gay Gene’ in the News: Optimism and Skepticism in the US and British Press (2001). - Cultural Context and the Conventions of Science Journalism: Drama and Contradiction in Media Coverage of Biological Ideas about Sexuality (2003). - Science reporting to the public: Does the message get twisted? (2004). - Do the print media "hype" genetic research? A comparison of newspaper stories and peer-reviewed research papers (2004).

 Genes and Psychology in The News by Carl Ratner (New Ideas in Psychology, 2004, 22: Download Page) (PDF Download). - Science communication in transition: genomics hype, public engagement, education and commercialization pressures (2006). - How geneticists can help reporters to get their story right (2007). - Media Hype in Genetics??? Blame the Geneticists (2008). - All in the genes? I don't think so (2008): A TV show investigating the basis of one star's sexuality showed the trend of blaming our destiny on microbiology doesn't add up. - Online Science Fiction and Fantasy : Cheer Up Emo Kid: Being Depressed (or Gay) is Not All in Your Genes (2008): In recent years, popular science journals have been full of articles excitedly reporting "genetic markers" for depression, sexual orientation, alcoholism, IQ, and any number of other behavioral traits... - Constructing and Deconstructing the ‘Gay Gene’: Media Reporting of Genetics, Sexual Diversity and ‘Deviance’ (2005).

Representing Genes: Testing Competing Philosophical Analyses of the Gene Concept in Contemporary Molecular Biology.

To "The SEARCH Section" For The Best Search Engines & Information Directories, The Searchable Sites to Locate Papers & Abstracts... and The Sites - Some Searchable - Where "Free Papers" Are Available! 

Gay dolphins: Biologists Claim to have found evidence of homosexual relationships between dolphins (2001, Alternate Link). - Wild dolphins off Brazil engage in homosexual behavior (2001, Alternate Link). - Homosexuality in dolphins (YouTube, National Geographic) - Gay penguins : the love that dare not squeak its name (2004, Alternate Link). - They're in love. They're gay. They're penguins... And they're not alone (2002, Alternate Link). - Central Park Zoo's gay penguins ignite debate (2004). - Scientists engineer gay fruit flies (2002). - For Fruit Flies, Gene Shift Tilts Sex Orientation (2005, Alternate Link). - Gay Drunk Fruit Flies (2008). - Homosexual behavior in wild Sumatran orangutans (2001). - Researchers discover gay orangutans (2001, Alternate Link). - Homosexual behavior discovered among wild orangutans (2001). - 1,500 animal species practice homosexuality (Alternate Link). - List of animals displaying homosexual behavior (Wikipedia).

Homosexual Activity Among Animals Stirs Debate (2004). - Lesbian Japanese monkeys challenge Darwin's assumptions (2003). - Sexual Partner Preference in Female Japanese Macaques(2002): "Whether animals ever exhibit a preference for same-sex sexual partners is a subject of debate... Thus, in some populations of Japanese macaques, females prefer certain same-sex sexual partners relative to certain male mates, and vice versa. Taken together, this evidence suggests that female Japanese macaques are best characterized as bisexual in orientation, not preferentially homosexual or preferentially heterosexual." - Homosexuality is biological, suggests gay sheep study. (2002, Alternate Link). - Origin of homosexuality unresolved despite study (2004). - Evolutionary Origins of Homosexuality.

'Gay' Sheep Controversy: - Of Gay Sheep, Modern Science and Bad Publicity (2007): " Dr. Roselli, a researcher at the Oregon Health and Science University, has searched for the past five years for physiological factors that might explain why about 8 percent of rams seek sex exclusively with other rams instead of ewes... But since last fall, when People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals started a campaign against the research, it has drawn a torrent of outrage from animal rights activists, gay advocates and ordinary citizens around the world — all of it based, Dr. Roselli and colleagues say, on a bizarre misinterpretation of what the work is about. The story of the gay sheep became a textbook example of the distortion and vituperation that can result when science meets the global news cycle..." 'Gay sheep man' fights back (2007).

The politics of gay sheep: How the science of sheep sexuality somehow became a controversial subject (2007). - Of Gay Sheep, Modern Science and Bad Publicity (2007). - Brokeback Mutton (2007): gay sheep and human destiny: just up the road from Brokeback Mountain, closeted away in their own private Idaho, the gay sheep were getting it on. Well, it wasn't exactly private. They were doing it in front of scientists at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station near the Idaho-Montana-Wyoming border. The scientists arranged the trysts. It's called "sexual partner preference testing." - Scientists try to turn gay sheep straight (2007). - Martina Navratilova Slams 'Gay Sheep' Experiments (2006, Alternate Link).  - Yep, They're Gay (2007). - On Gay Sheep and Shepherds (2007). Google Search: "Gay Sheep".

Gay flies turned on by heat (2002, Alternate Link). - Even the whales are gay down Mexico way (2002, Alternate Link). *Note: "gay" is a recently invented socially constructed identity, somewhat like being "African American" or "French Canadian." Furthermore: behavior does not an identity make! - Homosexual, but not Gay (2004). For challenging concepts, see: Male homosexuality in South Asia: 1, 2.  - 'Acadia, Arcadia - what's the difference?' ["Gay" concept, as  it is presently understood, cannot exist where the majority of males know they can enjoy relating sexually with other males and have had such experiences.] - Defining the word gay. - Is Homosexuality a Result of Overshadowing? N/A: In her 2006 book, Possessed by Ghosts, Wanda Pratnicka, a Polish psychotherapist, healer, and exorcist, states that one of the primary causes of homosexuality is possession of a child by a ghost of the opposite sex. “When a woman-ghost has dominated the mind of a boy, he will seek out contacts with men,” Pratnicka writes. “…The same thing happens by analogy to a girl who has been possessed by a man.” - Neuroscience and sexual orientation.  

The dangers of labeling non-humans as being "gay":  - The Science of Gaydar (2007): "But for most in the animal kingdom, same-sex pairing is either fleeting or situational. Even Silo and Roy, for six years the poster-penguins for same-sex love in the Central Park Zoo—they famously raised a daughter together—were not destined to last forever. Silo waddled off with a female named Scrappy in 2005, says zoo director Dan Wharton, adding that we shouldn't worry about Roy's hurt feelings. "Penguins are matter-of-fact about these things." - Flap over a tale of gay penguins (2006): "But the twist in the tale - which is not touched on in the book - would please social conservatives who see gay marriage as a threat to society. In real life the gay penguins of Central Park split up last year after Silo took up with a female penguin called Scrappy." - The Penguin is Political (2005). - Gay penguin couple split when the bi guy finds traditional mate (2009). - Bi penguin couple become parents at German zoo (2009). - Oslo gay animal show draws crowds (2006). - Gay Animal Museum (2006). - The Gay Animal Kingdom: The Effeminate Sheep & Other Problems with Darwinian Sexual Selection (2006).

Can Animals Be Gay? (New York Times, 2010): Since 2003, in addition to his investigation of female-female macaque sex, Vasey has also been studying a particular group of men in Samoa. “Westerners would consider them the equivalent of gay guys, I guess,” he told me — they’re attracted exclusively to other men. But they’re not considered gay in Samoa. Instead, these men make up a third gender in Samoan culture, not men or women, called fa’afafine. (Vasey warned me that mislabeling the fa’afafine “gay” or “homosexual” in this article would jeopardize his ability to work with them in the future: while there’s no stigma attached to being fa’afafine in Samoan culture, homosexuality is seen as different and often repugnant, even by some fa’afafine.)... [Note: Are western gay males maybe "Third Gender" but in denial? Is it not "gender nonconformity" that best distinguised them from heterosexual males? Why was the NY Times piece titled "Can animals be gay?"  Why not "Can animals be fa’afafine? or... Can animals be hijras?"  Does this reflect the ongoing incredibly arrogant supremacist-like white western bias? More colonialism? As in also attempting to make the western socially constructed "gay" concept into something that is rooted in biology?]  - The Real Question: Could Animals Be Any More Gay? (2010). - Can animals be gay? Many display same-sex behavior, but it's not for human reasons, researchers say (2010). - Gay vs. Homosexual Behavior (2010).

Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity - 1999 - by Bruce Bagemihl (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review).   

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Human Homosexuality: Historically & Cross-Cuturally - Percentages

History of human sexuality.. - Homosexuality in History. - GLBTQ; Ethnography. - Biased Use of Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Male Homosexuality in Human Sexuality Textbooks. - Semen 'Cults': Melanesia. -  Bernard SERGENT, Homosexualité et initiation chez les peuples indo-européens, Payot & Rivages, 1996 (Google Translation). - HN Parker, "The Myth of the Heterosexual: Anthropology and Sexuality for Classicists," Arethusa 34 (2001) 313-62: PDF Download, subscription needed.

"A World History of Homosexuality" Lectures. Download Page (Includes Summaries, not given here) For:  01 - Nauseous Subjects and Loathsome Expressions: Some Words of Introduction. 02 - Born That Way: The Biological Basis of Homosexuality. 03 - Down and Dirty with Drosophila: Evolution and Homosexuality. 04 - My Mother Made Me Homosexual: Psychoanalysis and “Cure”. 05 - Cardinal Sin to Capital Vice: The Social Construction of Homosexuality. 06 - But what do gay men actually do? Models of Male Homosexuality. 07 - Boy Wives of the Aranda: The Pre-History of Homosexuality I. 08 - Making Men in Sambia Gardens: The Pre-history of Homosexuality II. 09 - A Closer Look at Sacred Cows: Pedophilia and Pederasty. 10 - The Beautiful Way: Homosexuality in Japan. 11 - Comrades of  the Cut Sleeve: Homosexuality in China. 12 - Making Mischief and a Past Reclaimed: Homosexuality in India. 13 - Gazelles In the Garden of Allah: Homosexuality in the World of Islam. 14 - City States and Civic Virtues: Homosexuality in  Ancient Greece. 15 - Real Men and Mincing Queans: Homosexuality in Ancient Rome. 16 - Ragamuffins and Heroes Berserk: Homosexuality in Pre-Christian Europe. 17 - Unpardonable Vice and Unspeakable Sin: Homosexuality in the Christian West. 18 - Mother Clap and Scribblers Galore: Homosexuality in England in the Age of Enlightenment. 19 - Shirt-lifting Down-Under: Sodomy in Sydney Town. 20 - Diversity in Diversity: The Modern Gay Rights Movement & “Gay Marriage”.

Sexuality in Fifth Century Athens (1994, Alternate Link):: "There is now a very considerable body of evidence to suggest that human sexual behaviour is, to a great extent, socially constructed. That is to say that the way women and men conduct their sexual lives is determined to a marked degree by what a particular society finds acceptable. Before we come to Athens in the fifth century BC, it is instructive to consider the case of Ireland in the 19th and 20th centuries... Sexuality in fifth century Athens was also socially constructed. The basic point here is that human sexuality in Athens was organised to meet the needs of the adult male citizen, whose body was the locus of all power in the state. All other human beings--all women, all slaves, all foreigners, and adolescent aristocratic boys--existed sexually in relation to the adult male citizen and existed for his sexual gratification. Aristocratic women existed to provide, after marriage, legitimate children; all other women were regarded as sexually available to the male citizen, whether they were prostitutes, concubines, or high-class courtesans. Slaves, who were women and boys, the lowest level of society, were similarly sexually available to male citizens. These citizens also engaged in homosexual relationships with adolescent boys between the ages of 12 and 18 from their own class, these relationships being more complicated in their practice and ideology...."

The myth of heterosexuality: where science and religion meet (2008): Culture creates ontological categories for things that have social consequences, and in America, whether you’re identified as homo/hetero is one such and can have deadly consequences. But why does our culture consider the duality of which gender you screw so fundamentally important when, historically, most cultures have not? Men who are primarily attracted to women and women who are primarily attracted to men are hard to find in the classical record, but we who are their cultural, racial, and religious heirs think we’re the normal ones... It makes me laugh to read that these men of science and religion used similar arguments with the hubris to imagine their own modern ideas of knowledge and morality weren’t tainted by the politics of their day. The status quo always seems “natural” for the people of their time, something eternal, unalterable, and commanded by God.

Homosexuality: "Who is a homosexual? On the level of individual psychology, most adults experience themselves, and identify themselves to others, as either heterosexual or homosexual, despite the well-recognized fluidity of human sexual orientation. A smaller number of adults experience themselves as having relatively little preference for one sex over the other, and they identify themselves as bisexual. The terms gay and lesbian have been adopted by a large number of self-identified homosexual individuals as preferred ways of referring to their gender orientation as well as to the culture they have developed as an alternative to mainstream straight (ie, heterosexual) culture. On the societal level in the United States, there is remarkably little tolerance for the varying expressions of sexual orientation, and there tends to be an imperative to identify individuals as being either heterosexual or homosexual. For example, many military, religious, educational, and voluntary organizations often demonstrate intense interest in whether one of their members is or is not a homosexual, and they determine ways to deal with the individual once this label has been applied (Wood, 2000; Sobel, 2001). The intent is usually to expel, or in some way marginalize, the homosexual individual. Gradations of sexual orientation are given little credence, and the notion that evidence of any same-sex–oriented behavior indicates that an individual is a homosexual is often given credence. This forced choice into rigid, predetermined categories is a custom that has clear parallels in racist attitudes and practices. For example, individuals have been categorized as either colored or white, with the stigmatized colored status conferred on people of mixed heritage even when most of their relatives were white."

Measuring Gender (1999): "I will argue that the concepts of gender used in the attempt to demonstrate a causal connection between CGN and sexual orientation are inappropriate because they provide no uniform, consistent method for identifying and measuring the biologically significant components of gender. I will also argue that the concept of gender that does emerge from these studies suggests an hypothesis about the connection between sexuality and gender that is not consistent with the cross-gendered theory of the etiology of homosexuality." - Studying and Measuring Gender in the Social Sciences (2007). - Defining and Measuring Sexual Orientation: A Review (1997): "If advances in the understanding of sexual orientations are to be made, it is critical that definitions and measures of sexual orientation be standardized." - What is a Sexual Act? "The author analyses the meanings that sexual intercourses between sexes take for the Baruya, a population of inner New Guinea. There are two kinds of intercourses, homosexual before marriage, heterosexual after..." - Evidence that male sexual orientation is a matter of degree (1997). - A Question of Sexual Orientation: "ASU Professor Frederick Whitam studies questions related to sexual orientation. His research suggests that gay and lesbian people are a permanent part of sexual orientation arragements in all societies..." - Psychometric measures used in sexuality and gender studies.  

Studies Discover Clues to the Roots of Homophobia." (New York Times, 1990). (Alternate Link) - Fear and loathing. Prejudice, abuse, violence, sometimes murder. Why are lesbians and gay men hated? Dennis Altman explores the psychology behind the hostility (1989). - Riddle Homophobia Scale Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual Identity.(Alternate Link) - Latent Homosexuality: Paranoid Delusions Rage and Anxiety. - Is Homophobia Associated With Homosexual Arousal? (1999) - The 1996 paper: "Is Homophobia Associated With Homosexual Arousal?" - Is Homophobia Associated with Homosexual Arousal? (1998) - A related article: Protesting too Largely.  - APA article: New Study Links Homophobia with Homosexual Arousal (1996). (Alternate Link) - A similar perspective from Singapore: An Epidemic of Self-Hate (1997). - The Hate That Makes Men Straight: Psychoanalysts probe the roots of homophobia (1998, Alternate Link). - Psychologists Examine the Motives of Perpetrators and the Origins of Homophobia (1998). - The Psychology of the Closeted Individual and Coming Out (2007).

How Many Gay People are there? - Demographics of sexual orientation (Wikipedia). -  How many gay and lesbian people are there? - Homosexual myths, including challenge of the Kinsey 10% estimate, by Probe Ministries. - Examining that mythical 10%. - Data Integrity and Homosexual Politics.  - Kinsey and the homosexual revolution. -  Science: Kinsey and Other Studies - The Kinsey scale. - The Kinsey Heterosexual to Homosexual Rating Scale.  - Rethinking Kinsey and the "Sexual Revolution". - Bagley & Tremblay (1996) for a summary of related research & Problems. - New Yorker article attacks Kinsey: gay & unscientific - Says Male Sexual Bonding Overemphasized by a "Closeted" Researcher Kinsey's "Husband & Father" Image Called "Carefully Cultivated".- Survey Terminology Related to Sexual Orientation: Does It Matter? "However, on one item, the difference was significant. In the true-false statement, "I have had at least one homosexual experience during the last year," only 2.5% of the respondents marked it true. However, for the statement, "I have had at least one sexual experience with someone of my gender during the last year," 10.4% of respondents indicated this as true." - 5% of American voters report their homosexual or bisexual orientation in electoral poll. - Percentage reporting homosexuality in the Cardia Cohort Study. - Gays Comprise 5 Percent of Electorate in 2002, New Poll Finds. - In new survey, men call themselves straight but have sex with men (2006): A survey of 4,193 men living in New York City conducted by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene found that nearly 10 percent of male participants who identified themselves as straight reported having sex with at least one man during the previous year. - Potential for homosexual response is prevalent and genetic (2008): 32.8% of the men and 65.4% of the women reported such potential... Question: What would cause 'some' to to not acknowledge to themselves or others that such same-sex sexual attractions / desires exist within?

Studies Reporting the Prevalence of Homosexuality / Bisexuality / Heterosexuality: - Prevalence and dimensions of sexual orientation in Swiss adolescents: a cross-sectional survey of 16 to 20-year-old students. Acta Paediatrica, 2003; 92(2): 233-9 (Abstract). - Demographics of sexual orientation among native American adolescents(1996). (Abstract/Paper) - Prevalence and dimensions of sexual orientation in Swiss adolescents: a cross-sectional survey of 16 to 20-year-old students. - On the prevalence of homosexuality and bisexuality, in a random community survey of 750 men aged 18 to 27 (1998). - Sex in Australia: sexual identity, sexual attraction and sexual experience among a representative sample of adults (2003). - The Prevalence of Bisexual and Homosexual Orientation and Related Health Risks Among Adolescents in Northern Thailand (2004). - Australia: small gay population but many curious (2003). - What percentage of the population is gay? (2003) - Census information on same-sex couples. - Potential for homosexual response is prevalent and genetic (2008): 32.8% of the men and 65.4% of the women reported such potential... Question: What would cause 'some' to to not acknowledge to themselves or others that such same-sex sexual attractions/desires exist within? - The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples (1995).

Sexual diversity in urban Norwegians (2002): Study Sample: In November 1997, the Central Bureau of Statistics drew a random sample of 5,000 persons aged 18-49 years residing in Norway's capital, Oslo... Table 1 shows the percentage of the respondents who reported experience with the four different aspects of sexual diversity, by gender. A total of 92.5% reported to have been in love with only persons of the opposite gender, 90.9% had had sex with only the opposite gender, 87.9% reported to have felt sexually attracted to only the opposite gender, and 75.9% had fantasized about having sex with only the opposite gender. More women than men reported never to have had bisexual fantasies or felt homosexual attraction, but there was no gender difference in bisexual contact and love. More men than women reported exclusively homosexual experiences..."

Country Report, Sri Lanka, 2006 (PDF Download):  National Survey on Emerging Issues among Adolescents in Sri Lanka: 18.2% of in-school boys aged 14-19 reported “homosexual relations” (N=4664). 13.0% of out-of-school boys aged 15-19 reported “homosexual relations” (N=5042).  Results or other studies given. MSM identity is complex because MSM refers to behaviour: some gay men marry due to social and cultural pressure. there are MSM who consider themselves straight but have sex with men. MSM face harassment from law enforcement in cruising areas as well as extortion of money and forced sex; violence against MSM impacts negatively on their sexual and emotional health. Poverty and exposure to sexual violence leads men to work as sex workers...

Factors affecting sexual and non-sexual risks behavior among bisexual and homosexual Filipino youth: Evidence from the 1994 "Young Adolescent Fertility Survey" in the Philippines (Dr. Rommel "Mely" Jacinto D. Silverio, Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines, 186 Antonio Luna Street, Barangay Marilag, Project 4, Quezon City, 1109, Philippines, (632) 4212734, mely62@yahoo.com). Abstract: "Despite strong social stigma in a predominantly Catholic country like the Philippines, a sizeable sexual minority group exists among the Filipino youth. In particular, among 10,879 youth respondents aged 15 to 24 in the second nationwide “Young Adolescent Fertility Survey” conducted in 1994 by the University of the Philippines, about 7% of these young adults indicated bisexuality and slightly over 10% professed homosexuality. As Philippine society tends to traditionally censure sociological studies of human sexuality as taboo, much remains largely unknown about the social lifestyle of bisexual and homosexual Filipino youth, even much less about their sexual and non-sexual risk behaviors that impinge adversely upon health. In this light, this paper aims to identify some influential socioeconomic and demographic factors affecting the incidence of such sexual and non-sexual risk behaviors as premarital sexual activity, smoking, drug and alcohol use, and prostitution among these two sexual minority groups. The ultimate objective of the study focuses on establishing more responsive program approaches that will effectively address the unique conditions and needs of bisexual and homosexual Filipino youth, particularly with respect to these contemporary health issues." Presented at The 130th Annual Meeting of APHA: 2002.

Debate on Black homosexuals by Cleo Manago: "I was recently involved in a public debate on "Black Homosexuality" organized by members of the Nation of Islam. "The Great Debate: The Origins of Homosexuality In the Black Community" featured renowned Africentric health scholar, Dr. Llaila Afrika, and I as opponents. Afrika believes homosexuality is a degenerative state and a disease resulting from sexual addiction, white supremacy, diet (yes, diet!) and institutionalized subliminal recruitment techniques. He also believes that homosexuality was introduced to Blacks/Africans by European invasions on Black/African life." -  Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities: Homosexuality in “Traditional” Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South Africa (Google Books) - Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Sudan -Mabasha and Their Mashoga in Mombasa. - Interpreting Absence of Evidence and Assertions of Absence (Nuer and Lango). - Spiritual Vocations in Western Africa. - Hausa Roles. - Yoruba Exceptionalism: Antagonistic Acculturation? - A Sometimes Lifelong ”Adolescent Phase” (Dahomey). - Gender-Crossing Wolof and Their Neighbors. - The Kitesha Role Among the Bala - Other Central African Reports. - Angola. - Wives of the South African Mines. - Contemporary Black South Africa and Zimbabwe. - Relations Between Women. (Book Review) (Book Review) (Excerpts) (Amazon Reference) (A review by Gert Hekma par Gert Hekma, Université d'Amsterdam, published in Thamyris, 1999). - Homosexuality in "Traditional" Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South Africa: An overview by Stephen O. Murray (49 pages, PDF Download, or access web page for PDF Download, in 2 paper sizes.)

Reports of Studies Suggesting Genetic or Biological Causes for Homosexuality

Biology and sexual orientation (Wikipedia).  The genetics of homosexuality (1997). -  xq28 The 'Gene For Geneder' -  Report Suggests Homosexuality is Linked to Genes (1993). - Homosexuality and Neoteny; Are Homosexuals Maturationally Delayed? (Neoteny Web Site) - Sexual Differentiation of the Central Nervous System (1998). - NPR Letters on the Biological Basis of Homosexuality (1993-1995). - More Evidence that Homosexuality is Genetic (1995). - Homosexual males, their brains and evolution (2004).

Studies of human body may find causes for homosexuality: Is biology to blame for my being gay? (1995). - Homosexuality: genetic or acquired behavior? An interview with Simon LeVay - Gay Brains (1998). - All in the Genes (1996). - The Biology of Sexual Orientation (2007). - Queer Science Indeed N/A (Scientific American, Oct., 1997 Book Review: Excerpt, must scroll). - Survival of genetic homosexual traits explained (2004. Alternate Link). - Biology not Bigotry (1999). - Origins of Homosexuality? An Evolutionary Perspective (2000). - Is Homosexuality Genetic? - Gay or straight, sexual orientation is in your blood (2008). - Gays and Genes (2003).

Challeging Levay's Findings: "The Interstitial Nuclei of the Human Anterior Hypothalamus: An Investigation of Variation with Sex, Sexual Orientation, and HIV Status: (2001, Alternate Link) "HIV status significantly influenced the volume of INAH1 (8% larger in HIV+ heterosexual men and women relative to HIV- individuals)... Although there was a trend for INAH3 to occupy a smaller volume in homosexual men than in heterosexual men, there was no difference in the number of neurons within the nucleus based on sexual orientation." - Science and Belief: Psychobiological Research on Sexual Orientation (1995). - Simon LeVay's Home Page (Includes recent articles). - LeVay Shares Thoughts On 'Gay Gene' Research (1996). - The Biology of Sexual Orientation by Simon Levay (2003-2009).

Is Homosexuality Biologically Determined (1992, Related to Levay's work: PDF Download)? - Study of gay brothers may find clues about sexuality. - Molecular Genetic Study of Sexual Orientation: Updates. - Do recent neurological studies prove once and for all that homosexuality is biological?  - Fingers give tip to sexual orientation.- Sexual orientation and the second to fourth finger length ratio: A meta-analysis in men and women (2010): we found that heterosexual women had higher (more feminine) left- and right-hand 2D:4D than did lesbians, but we found no difference between heterosexual and gay men. - Lady Fingers, Empty Calories? (2007).

Researchers believe that they may have found the genetic reason for Lesbianism (1998). - Lesbian women are at least three times as likely as heterosexual women to have a sister who is also a lesbian (1993). - Study Suggests Biological Basis for Lesbianism Researchers Say Hearing Discrepancy Finding Supports Brain Anatomy Theory (1998). - The Genetics of Female Sexual Behavior (2008). - Research links inner ear and sexual preference. - The Relation Between Sexual Orientation and Penile Size. - Genesis of sexual orientation - from Plato to Dorner (2006). - Big Brother Makes You Gay (2006). 

Gay men, straight women have similar brains (2008). - What does gay look like? Science keeps trying to figure that out (2008): Finding common biological traits -- things like hair growth patterns, penis size, family makeup -- might one day shed light on the origins of sexual orientation. - 60 minutes: The Science Of Sexual Orientation (2006). - 60 Minutes: Research on homosexuality - nature, nurture, genetics, hormones? Interesting research on homosexuality. Is it nature, nurture, genetics or hormones or a combination thereof. I think one thing is pretty clear, it’s not a choice (2009, Video). - 60 Minutes: Homosexuality and nature - nurture (2009, Video, Alternate Link).

Gay Twins and the Science of Epigenetics (2009?, Video). - Why is John Barrowman gay? On a quest to find out about his sexuality Torchwood star John Barrowman has known he was gay since he was nine. But was he born that way or did his upbringing have something to do with it? Here, he explains why he set out to try to solve this mystery, for the BBC One show The Making of Me (2008). - Study Finds Gay Men Nurture Nieces and Nephews; Likely to Pass Down Genes (2010). - Gay guys make generous uncles, study shows: Homosexual men may perpetuate genes by nurturing nieces and nephews (2010).

Opposite-sex twins and adolescent same-sex attraction (Abstract, Working Paper. Alternate Link. Published Paper.). "The etiology of human same-sex romantic attraction is generally framed in terms of (1) social influences, (2) genetic influences, or (3) hormonal influences. In this article, we show that adolescent males who are opposite-sex twins are twice as likely as expected to report same-sex attraction; and that the pattern of concordance (similarity across pairs) of same-sex preference for sibling pairs does not suggest genetic influence independent of social context. Our data falsify the hormone transfer hypothesis by isolating a single condition that eliminates the opposite-sex twin effect we observemdashthe presence of an older same-sex sibling. We also consider and reject a speculative evolutionary theory that rests on observing birth-order effects on same-sex orientation. In contrast, our results support the hypothesis that less gendered socialization in early childhood and preadolescence shapes subsequent same-sex romantic preferences." NOTE: The results of this paper received no media coverage.

Isocrat.org: LGBT Issues, Research and Perspectives: - Homosexuality in Nature. - How Homosexuals Are Different. - The Fraternal Birth Order Effect. - Handedness as Orientation. - The Causes of Homosexuality. - Nature vs. Nurture. 

Born Gay: The Psychobiology of Sex Orientation - 2005, 2009 - by Glenn Wilson, Qazi Rahman (Press Release) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review).

From The Knitting Circle:  School of genetics & bibliography: - Links to press articles relating to homosexuality and genetics.

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Gay Speech

Gay Speech: - Gay lisp (Wikipedia). - Beyond Lisping: code switching and gay speech styles. - Speech, male sexual orientation, and childhood gender nonconformity (CGN). - Sounding gay: Nailing down just what makes a gay voice gay is as vague and slippery as human sexuality itself... - /-s/ Deletion in gay speech in São Paulo, Brazil. - Sounding Gay. - The Acoustic Correlates of Perceived Masculinity, Perceived Femininity, and Perceived Sexual Orientation. - Studies on LGBTQ Language: A Partial Bibliography (Gregory Ward, 2006).

Perceived sexual orientation and attitudes toward sounding gay or straight. - Sounding Gay: Pitch Properties in the Speech of Gay and Straight Men, by Rudolf P. Gaudio, 1994.

Munson B (in press). Pathology or social indexing?  In C. Bowen, Children's Speech Sound Disorders. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 342-346. PDF Download. Download Page.

Munson B (2009). Variation, implied pathology, social meaning, and the ‘gay lisp’: A response to Van Borsel et al. (2009). Journal of Communication Disorders. PDF Download. Download Page.

Munson B, Ferguson SH, Connealy C (2009). Perceived sexual orientation and speech style: A perceptual and acoustic analysis of intentionally clear and conversational speech. Poster presented at the spring 2009 meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Also in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125, 2574. PDF Download. Download Page.

Munson B, Hall K, Smith E (2009). An acoustic analysis of /æ/ variation and its relationship to perceived sexual orientation in American English. Poster presented at the spring 2009 meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Also in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125, 2574. PDF Download. Download Page.

Munson B (2009).  Levels of Phonological Abstraction and Knowledge of Socially Motivated Speech-Sound Variation: A Review, a Proposal, and a Commentary on the Papers by Clopper, Pierrehumbert, and Tamati; Drager; Foulkes; Mack; and Smith, Hall, and Munson. PDF Download. Download Page.

Zimmerman L (2009). Perceived sexual orientation and gender normativity: What do gay men, nerds, and female-to-male transsexuals have in common? (PDF handout). New Ways of Analyzing Variation 38. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. PDF Download. Download Page.

Zimmerman L (2009). Identity, socialization, and gay-sounding voices (PDF handout). 2nd Conference on Culture, Language, and Social Practice (CLASP). University of Colorado,  Boulder, CO. PDF Download. Download Page.

Zimmerman L (2009). One of these things is not like the others: Why power matters for the study of gay-sounding voices (PDF handout). 83rd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. San Francisco, CA. PDF Download. Download Page.

Mack S, Munson B (2008). Implicit Processing, Social Stereotypes, and the 'Gay Lisp'. Oral presentation given at the annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Chicago, IL.PDF Download. Download Page.

Smith EA, Munson B, Hall KC (2008). Rethinking the meaning of Minnesotan [æ]: sexual orientation or personal well being? Oral presentation at the conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV), Houston, TX. PDF Download. Download Page. Abstract.

Gordon BJ (2008). Gay sounds: A non-discrete model of Gay speech. Paper presented at the 15th Annual Lavender Languages & Linguistics Conference. PDF Download. Download Page.

Munson B, Babel M (2007). Loose Lips and Silver Tongues, or, Projecting Sexual Orientation Through Speech. Language and Linguistics Compass 1/5: 416–449. PDF Download. Download Page.

Christiansen R, Bleile K, Burda A (2007). How Do Gay Men Perceive Their Speech and Overall Communication? Presentation at the ASHA (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. Boston, MA. PDF Download.

Munson B, Zimmerman LJ (2006). The Perception of Sexual Orientation, Masculinity, and Femininity in Formant-Resynthesized Speech. Oral Presentation given at the Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation in Language, Columbus, OH. PDF Download. Download Page.

Crocker L, Munson B (2006). Speech Characteristics of Gender-Nonconforming Boys. Oral Presentation given at the Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation in Language, Columbus, OH. PDF Download. Download Page.

Podesva RJ, Roberts SJ, Campbell-Kibler K (2002). Sharing resources and indexing meanings in the production of gay styles. In: Language and Sexuality: Contesting Meaning in Theory and Practice. Ed. Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn, Robert J. Podesva, Sarah J. Roberts, and Andrew Wong. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. PDF Download.

Jacobs G, Smyth R, Rogers H (2000). Language and sexuality: Searching for the phonetic correlates of gay- and straight-sounding male voices. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol 18. PDF Download. Download Page.

The Social Construction of Homosexuality & Related Issues

A major theorist in the social construction of human sexuality: Michel Foucault. - The History of Sexuality : An Introduction - 1990 - by Michel Foucault (Spark Notes).- Synopsis of Foucault's The History of Sexuality, Vol. I (Society of Social Research Page, U.Chicago)  - Welcome to the World of Michel Foucault. - Queer Theory Web Site Foucault Index. - Foucauldian Cautions on the Subject and the Educative Implications of Contingent Identity (1997). - Foucault on the origins of “homosexuality” (2009).  - Historicizing inversion: or, how to make a homosexual (2001): "At the end of the 19th century, the vocabulary of sexuality - perversion - became one of the primary means by which people began to articulate and think about their individuality, their sense of self... An essential attribute of the literature on 'inversion' was precisely such an historically formed understanding of pathological individuals; an understanding that ushered in the transformation from acts to natures, from individuals to kinds, from sodomites to homosexuals." - Social Construction or Destruction of Homosexuals? - Conservative or Revolutionary Constructionism of the Reality of Homosexuality (2007, English Abstract at the end of document). - Is social constructionism an appealing construction? - Gay Species: Language and Social Construction. - Queer By Choice Dot Com (1999-2009).

Behavior and Not a Person: Chapter One Essentialism or Social Constructionism. - Chapter Two Biological Basis for Homosexuality. - Chapter Three "Gay Brains" and Gay Genes". - Chapter Six Types of Homosexualities/ Gay and Lesbian Homosexual Identity. - Chapter Ten Homosexual Identity Formation.  - The Hypocrites of Homosexuality (1990): " When I was an undergraduate theatre student, I was aware, and not happily so, how pervasive was the reach of the underculture of homosexuality among my friends and acquaintances. After a while I stopped being shocked to discover that someone I had known well, or whose talent I admired, was either moving into or already a part of the not-so-clandestine network of gay relationships. I learned that being homosexual does not destroy a person's talent or deny those aspects of their character that I had already come to love and admire. I did learn that for most of them their highest allegiance was to their membership in the community that gave them access to sex. As a not-particularly-pure-minded heterosexual adolescent, I understood the intensity of sexual desire; as a student of human communities, I have since come to understand how character is shaped by -- or surrendered to -- one's allegiances...  The argument by the hypocrites of homosexuality that homosexual tendencies are genetically ingrained in some individuals is almost laughably irrelevant. We are all genetically predisposed toward some sin or another; we are all expected to control those genetic predispositions when it is possible...  The average fifteen-year-old teenage boy is genetically predisposed to copulate with anything that moves. We are compassionate and forgiving of those who cannot resist this temptation, but we do not regard as adult anyone who has not overcome it; and we can only help others overcome those "genetic predispositions" by teaching them that we expect them to meet a higher standard of behavior than the one their own body teaches them..."

Michel Foucault: problématique pour une histoire de l’homosexualité, Lawrence Olivier avec la collaboration de Roger Noël, Revue sexologique/ Sexological Review, Vol. 2, no 1, printemps 1994 Vol. 2 No. 1 Spring 1994 (PDF Download, or access web for PDF Download - In HTML at Revue sexologique/ Sexological Review) (Google Translation) - Des identités homosexuelles - Propos sur la génèse et les avatars d'un genre contesté (Google Translation), Cécile Bénito de Sanchez, Revue h, été 1996. (PDF Download, or access web page for PDF Download) (Google Translation) - Genres et orientations sexuelles: une question d'apparences? (Google Translation), Rommel Mendès-Leité, 1990. (bibliographie) Publication originale : Mendès-Leite, R. " Genres et orientations sexuelles: une question d'apparences ? ". GREH et. al. Homosexualités et Lesbianisme: mythes, mémoires, historiographies. Actes du colloque international (3 volumes). Lille, Cahiers GKC, 1989-1990. pp. 109 - 147. - The Sociology of Human Sexuality: A Darwinian Alternative to Social Constructionism and Postmodernism (2003).

Suck My Nation – Masculinity, Ethnicity and the Politics of (Homo)sex (PDF Download) - by Sasho A. Lambevski (1999). - Abstract: "Class and ethnicity represent major obstacles in establishing new forms of homosexual encounters and emotional engagements between Macedonian and Albanian men at the ‘gay’ scene in Skopje. This article pays special attention to the nationalist imperatives that order Macedonian and Albanian ‘gay’ men to use each other’s penises and orifices as weapons and targets of torture. More precisely, the article offers a multilevel analysis of a range of social (class, ethnic, and gender) relations, as invested in and experienced in the male body, that prevent Macedonian and Albanian ‘gay’ men from establishing new forms of mutual friendship and love." Note: Unfortunately, the author criticizes the socially constructed form of male homosexuality described and does not perceive it to be as valid as the recently invented - also socially constructed - "gay" concept present in western countries. The latter, however, occupies a minority status in the world of male homosexualties. - The Origins of Homosexuality: Insights From The Deep Feeling Psychotherapies.

Adriaens, Pieter R (2007+). Eros’ ambiguity An philosophical history of male love (Full Text)... Conclusion: In this chapter, I attempted to bring Mary Douglas’ analysis of ambiguity to bear to the history of male love. Douglas’ analysis revealed that whatever does not harmonize with our cherished symbolic structures is doomed to be avoided, minimalized, ignored, or eliminated. Male love proved to be no exception to this rule. Before 1700, bisexuals definitely outnumbered “heterosexuals”. Today, they still outnumber “homosexuals”, and yet they continue to be ignored as a sexual population. In their turn, effeminate homosexuals have been avoided, branded, persecuted and even killed, even though they do hold an important symbolic position in many contemporary societies. Indeed: their ambiguity in fact allows them to act as a symbolic dividing line between man and woman, especially in cultures wherein the differences between both sexes increasingly fade away. Publications

The social construction of homosexuality (John Thorp, 1992). - Related information in an interview with David Halperin. (by  Laurel M. Bowman, Interview with David Halperin, Favonius vol. 3 (1991), 27-43) - Beyond Either/Or. the Fluidity of Sexual Desire (Documentary Film). - Submitting or Resisting: Exploring the Popular Central American Belief that Homosexuality Can Be Induced (1997). - Homosexuality from a historical Viking Scandinavia point of view. - Ferenczi: L'homoérotisme: nosologie de l'homosexualité masculine (2000, Google Translation). - Homosexualités - Bibliographie (Google Translation). - Sexualities I:  Dissidence: The aim of this course is to introduce students to cultural and political debates concerning male homosexuality. It seeks to put literary texts, plus two films, in their French social and historical context, and to explore the ways in which their meanings are affected by their culture's understanding of same-sex desire (Word RTF Download). - The Social Constructionist Challenge to Primacy Identity and the Emancipation of Oppressed Groups: Human Primacy Identity Politics and the Human/'Animal' Dualism (2009). - A Field Guide to Social Construction (2007).

Un-queer anti-theory (1998). - Multiple Masculinity's: a world of subculture and homosexual interaction (1998). - The Role of Masculinity in Male Homosexual Culture by Shazza Nakkim (1998). - The (Re) Construction of African-American Masculinity -- Homosexuality by J Cools (1998, African-American Research. Vol. 3-1). - Boys in Schools: Addressing the Politics of Hegemonic Masculinities. - Masculinity and Academic Discourse: Issues and Themes. - Masculinities and men in nursing N/A (2002, PDF Download). - The Gendering of Molecular Biology (PDF Download).

Les méandres de l'identité et de l'orientation sexuelle des hommes (Alternate Link) (Google Translation). - Gay and homosexual are terms, used sometimes interchangeably, but the two words have different meanings. - Exploration of the Preconceived Notions of Homosexuality. - An Analysis: heterosexuality in the male (1970). - Social Protest and the Performance of Gay Identity by Alan Sikes (1997, UnderCurrent, 5). - New Directions for Gay Liberation: The Politics of Identity (1992, 1996). - A queer geography: journeys toward a sexual self (1996, 1998): "'Do Gays exist?' is the provocative question behind Frank Browning's latest jaunt around the globe." "In the end, he demonstrates that while homosexuality may be universal, "gay identity" is a twentieth-century creation already being challenged." - Identité homosexuelle et communauté gaie (Google Translation) (Revue sexologique / Sexological Review, 2, 1, Springs 1994, 33-55.).

The Mythological Realm of Pre-sexuality (2007): Reading Porno through Queer Theory: We are used to think that sexuality is a realm of nature. We think that it only needs some liberation from the boundaries of culture. If we apply Foucaultian reading to pornography we can notice that there is no distinction between nature and culture. There is nothing which can be liberated, for the reason that beyond culture images which give shape to our sexual fantasies does not lay any pre given, natural sexuality. Sexuality is always shaped and it works through the images given within the culture. Therefore pornography is very important phenomena for the task of analysing the formation and function of sexual fantasy and the sexuality itself. In the gay’s world pornography has a very interesting role. In my paper I do not intend to analyse any particular films, I want to concentrate on the particular phenomenological relation between the porno film and the audience. Gay porno films intend to show the pure sex; sex, which is not limited by the social. The vision of purity porno aims to achieve by different visual effects. Nevertheless at some point it is always about the relations of power. When we analyse the gay identity we cannot avoid the phenomena of pornography. In XX century Western culture pornography was of a crucial meaning to the formation of gay identity and gay culture. It is important to try to depict the problems of gay identity from the pornography as the formation of particular shape of the sexual fantasy.

Wunsch, Serge (2007). Rôle et importance des processus de renforcement dans l'apprentissage du comportement de reproduction chez l'homme. [Evolution from mammalian heterosexual reproductive behavior to human erotic bisexuality.] PhD Dissertation, Neurosciences Intégratives, L'École Pratique des Hautes Études. Full Text. Abstract: What are the neurobiological dynamics of mammal and human sexuality? In rodents, mainly sexual hormones and pheromones, and secondarily sexual reflexes and reinforcement processes, would be the main innate factors at the origin of a genuine heterosexual reproductive behavior, the purpose of which is, at the favorable season, to achieve copulation permitting fecundation. It would seem that during evolution, owing to the modifications of the brain of rodents into that of Man’s, the hormonal and pheromonal factors have become secondary, whereas the cognitive factors and the reinforcement processes (or reward systems) have become predominant. For these reasons, in Man, the behavior which leads to reproduction may be conceived not as an innate “reproductive behavior”, but as an acquired “erotic behavior” involving behavioral sequences of stimulation of the most erogenous body zones by a partner – no matter what his or her sex. Résumé: Quels sont les facteurs à l'origine des comportements humains ? Quels sont les processus neurobiologiques les plus primordiaux qui sous-tendent le développement et la dynamique de ces comportements ? Comment ces comportements émergent-ils de l'interaction entre les différents facteurs biologiques et environnementaux ? Afin de répondre à ces questions capitales, nous avons réalisé une synthèse transdisciplinaire (neurosciences, éthologie, ethnologie et psychologie) de la littérature actuelle relative au comportement de reproduction...

The Kingdom in the Closet: (Alternate Link) (Alternate Link) (Alternate Link) Sodomy is punishable by death in Saudi Arabia, but gay life flourishes there. Why it is “easier to be gay than straight” in a society where everyone, homosexual and otherwise, lives in the closet... “It’s a lot easier to be gay than straight here,” he had said. “If you go out with a girl, people will start to ask her questions. But if I have a date upstairs and my family is downstairs, they won’t even come up.” ... "They’re quite shameless about it." Talal, a Syrian who moved to Riyadh in 2000, calls the Saudi capital a "gay heaven." This is surprising enough. But what seems more startling, at least from a Western perspective, is that some of the men having sex with other men don’t consider themselves gay. For many Saudis, the fact that a man has sex with another man has little to do with "gayness." The act may fulfill a desire or a need, but it doesn’t constitute an identity. Nor does it strip a man of his masculinity, as long as he is in the "top," or active, role. This attitude gives Saudi men who engage in homosexual behavior a degree of freedom. But as a more Westernized notion of gayness -- a notion that stresses orientation over acts -- takes hold in the country, will this delicate balance survive? ... When Yasser hit puberty, he grew attracted to his male cousins. Like many gay and lesbian teenagers everywhere, he felt isolated. "I used to have the feeling that I was the queerest in the country," he recalled. "But then I went to high school and discovered there are others like me. Then I find out, it’s a whole society." ,,, In Saudi Arabia, "It’s easier to be a lesbian [than a heterosexual]. There’s an overwhelming number of people who turn to lesbianism," Yasmin said, adding that the number of men in the kingdom who turn to gay sex is even greater. "They’re not really homosexual," she said. "They’re like cell mates in prison." ... What is ‘gay’? In The History of Sexuality, a multivolume work published in the 1970s and ’80s, Michel Foucault proposed his famous thesis that Western academic, medical, and political discourse of the 18th and 19th centuries had produced the idea of the homosexual as a deviant type: In Western society, homosexuality changed from being a behavior (what you do) to an identity (who you are). In the Middle East, however, homosexual behavior remained just that -- an act, not an orientation. That is not to say that Middle Eastern men who had sex with other men were freely tolerated. But they were not automatically labeled deviant. The taxonomy revolved around the roles of top and bottom, with little stigma attaching to the top. "‘Sexuality’ is distinguished not between ‘homosexual’ and ‘heterosexual’ but between taking pleasure and submitting to someone (being used for pleasure),"...A magazine editor in Jeddah told me that many boys in Mecca, where he grew up, have sexual relations with men, but they don’t see themselves as gay. Abubaker Bagader, a human-rights activist based in Jeddah, explained that homosexuality can be viewed as a phase. "Homosexuality is considered something one might pass by," he said. "It’s to be understood as a stage of life, particularly at youth." This view of sexual behavior, in combination with the strict segregation of the sexes, serves to foster homosexual acts, shifting the stigma onto bottoms and allowing older men to excuse their younger behavior -- their time as bottoms -- as mere youthful transgressions...

Veil of Separation, Veils of Identity N/A (2007): But it prompts the question: why do homosexuals exist in societies where a separation of sexes doesn't necessarily apply? Moreover, does such a separation predicate the effect of genuine homosexual desires? And then, are these so-called "homosexuals" homosexuals in the sense that we in the West have defined it? Or are they individuals forced to fulfill a natural desire in the only way they can? Maybe homosexuals [or men who engage in sex with other men] in countries like Saudi Arabia are not necessarily "in the closet" but actually free from having to identify themselves. And rather, we [both homosexuals and heterosexuals in the West] are trapped in a closet of our own, a closet of monosexuality where we veil ourselves with endless layers attempting to define and label sexualities that we eventually [like with everything] ship and market around the world [the international gay?!?].

We Boys Together: Teenagers in Love Before Girl-Craziness - 2007 - by Jeffery P. Dennis (Google Books): "Teenage boys are wild about girls.When their hormones kick in at puberty, they can think of nothing else, and that"s the way it has always been-- right? Wrong. Before World War II, only sissies liked girls. Masculine, red-blooded, all-American boys were supposed to ignore girls until they were 18 or 19. Instead, parents, teachers, psychiatrists, and especially the mass media encouraged them to form passionate, intense, romantic bonds with each other. This book explores romantic relationships between teenage boys as they were portrayed before, during, and immediately after World War II. The author takes the reader through a rich landscape of media -- sci fi pulps, comics, adventure stories, tales of teen sleuths, boys' serial novels, wartime bestsellers, and movies populated by many types of male adolescents: Boys Next Door, Adventure Boys, Jungle Boys, and Lost Boys. In Hollywood movies, Boys Next Door like Jackie Cooper, Ronald Sinclair, and Jimmy Lydon were constantly falling in love, but not with girls. In serial novels, Jungle Boys like Bomba, Sorak, and Og Son of Fire swung through the trees to rescue teenage boys, not teenage girls. In comic strips and on the radio, Adventure Boys like Don Study, Jack Armstrong, and Tim Tyler formed lasting romantic partnerships with other boys or men. Lost Boys like Frankie Darro, Leo Gorcey, and Billy Halop starred in dozens of movies about pairs of poor urban teenagers sticking together, with never a girl in sight."

Male to Male: Sexual Feelings Across the Boundaries of Identity - 2000 - by Edward J. Tejirian (Related WebSite: Chapter Excerpts) (Review, Must Scroll) (Google Books). From the webaite:  "Male to Male: Sexual Feeling Across the Boundaries of Identity" is a book that shows that feelings of intimacy, love, and sexual attraction are not confined to the boxes that this society has constructed for them. It shows that when ordinary "heterosexual" men--and women-- felt safe enough to disclose their inner thoughts and feelings, it turns out that many of them--about a third of the women and forty-five percent of the men--were consciously aware of some degree of attraction toward the same sex. But this book is not a book about "bisexuality" either, because that just becomes a third box--alongside of "heterosexual" and "gay"--that separates people from each other. Rather, "Male to Male" is about the fluidity and variety of human sexual feeling and how setting up boundaries of identity to separate people from each other falsifies the reality of human sexual feeling. The words of the heterosexually identified men in this book who spoke to me show that the capacity for same-sex attraction is a deeply embedded part of normal male psychology. Their words also show that their same-sex feelings and those of men who identify themselves as gay differ only in their intensity and in the recognition on the partof the gay men that the completion of their inner lives requires physical closeness with someone of the same sex...

The social construction of identities: "The perils of postmodernism" (1995). - Studies on Gay & Lesbian Language: A Partial Bibliography (2006). - The Scenography of HIV Infection for Young Gay Men: Educating Emotion and Desire: Individuation and sexual identity (1999). - A Unified Theory on Homosexual Identity (2000, PDF Download). - Sexual Orientation: The History and Significance of an Idea (in Word & World, 1994: PDF Download). - It's what you do: most of the men who have sex with men in the South probably don't identify themselves as `gay' or `bisexual'. - Essentialism vs. social constructionism in the study of human sexuality - The Use of Theory in Research and Scholarship on Sexuality (1998). - Social Contructionist History Links.

Inescapable Essentialism: Bisexually-Identified Women's Strategies in the Late 80s and Early 90s (2002): "Essentialism, in many ways, is a product of the western political and philosophical use of binary oppositions. Binaries have been used to produce socially meaningful categories in which to classify and understand the world, both human and non-human (Innes 65). Within the assumptions of binaries, however, is the tendency to see these categories as natural and unchanging. In addition to naturalizing or essentializing binaries,western philosophy has also tended to privilege only one side of the opposition while the other is disparaged. The final outcome of this logic is a limited and fixed understanding of the world that masks the political and social power in which the binary categories were created and sustained." - As Nature Made Us? Part I: The Social Construction of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality (2010). Part 2. - The Social Construction of Sex: Intersex as Evidence (2009).

Lost in Translation: Sex and Sexuality in Elite Discourse and Everyday Language (2007): This article questions our own use of language in representing, articulating, and communicating Chinese-speaking people's experiences associated with the words `sex' and `sexuality' in the English language. We notice that whenever the elite discourse fails to fully represent the lived experiences of `the people', their own utterances will demonstrate the creative and subversive potentials of the everyday language. Our research has transformed our understanding of an ever-evolving domain we once tried to capture with the western language of sexuality, and led us to rethink our theoretical positions and methods. We finally arrive at a better understanding of the value and significance of research that engages with people's articulation of their lived experience that might contradict our original position, assumptions and arguments. We wish to caution against the unquestioned privileging of elite discourses produced and distributed from sites of power, and the risk of theoretical imperialism. 

Same-Sex Sexual Relations in Antiquity and Sexuality and Sexual Identity in Contemporary American Society (1996): (Alternate Link) "In antiquity sexual identity was based on the natural fact of sex. Genitals determined gender. For ancient Israel the binary differentiation of male and female served as the structuring of both the natural and social worlds, and was guarded by the Holiness Code of Lev. 17. Same-sex sexual relations were forbidden, at least explicitly to men, and Christianity adopted and transmitted this ideology. The homosexuality that is condemned in the letters ascribed to Paul: Romans, 1 Corinthians and 1 Timothy is identifiable as pederasty. There are no ancient texts that suggest that homosexual relationships existed between same-age adults. The word homosexuality first appeared in an English dictionary in 1892. Today the taxonomy of male and female is being subverted by science and technology..."

Toward A Global History of Same-Sex Sexuality:  I favor the term “same-sex sexuality” as one that gets beyond the use of terms such as “queer,” “gay,” “lesbian,” or “homosexual.”  Yet I would like to proceed by looking at manifestations of what we call “same-sex sexuality” in different times and places in order both to explore global patterns and to consider how those patterns problematize the two parts of the term “same-sex sexuality.”  That is, sometimes such manifestations cannot really be considered “same-sex.”  And sometimes they should not really be labeled “sexuality.”  These complications suggest that even the attempt to avoid assumptions about the meanings of desires and acts and relationships by using a term such as “same-sex sexuality” may inadvertently lump together phenomena that are quite different.  This is the difficulty of thinking about a global history of same-sex sexuality.

What's a Modern Homosexual?  An Introduction: Cultures define and regulate sexual desire differently, and homosexuality is a uniquely modern, Western way of thinking about sex between men... - 'Being a Man' in the Ancient World (by Craig Williams, author of Roman Homosexuality, 1999): "What was most important for a man's reputation was that he be thought to play the insertive and not the receptive role in penetrative acts. If he played the insertive role, he might do so with either male or female partners, or both, as he pleased; the sex of his partner had no bearing on his own status as a man." - Male Homosexuality: From Common to a Rarity. - The social construction of male homosexuality, related suicide problems. - Gay Species: Language and Social Construction. - Sexual Orientation - Essentialism Or Social Construction. - TheEvolution of Homosexuality: Another dissatisfying theory regarding the evolution of same-sex physical attraction (PPT Presentation). Related Video: Science & Homosexuality: Nature vs. Nurture.. - Utopia and Castration: How to Read the History of Homosexuality (2003).

Greek Eros: Ancient Civilizations of Greece and Rome (2001): Today eros would be considered sexual love, and in the days of ancient Greece, Eros was not only their god of love, but it was also their word that referred to sexual desire. In Greek society, especially during the Golden Age, this sexual desire does not seem to have been gender specific in any way.  In fact most men seemed to be more interested in pursuing and having sexual relations with young boys - a practice known as pederasty - than they were with pursuing women.  While this likely seems strange to a society where the majority of men find it repulsive to think of another man as beautiful, and where until recently homosexuals and bisexuals were looked down upon as being inferior, it was actually quite common and accepted in the ancient world of Greece. 1  In this paper I primarily intend to illustrate how common the acts of pederasty and homosexual love really were, in addition to why these practices came to be so prevalent, and when and how they began to be shunned...  - Active/Passive, Acts/Passions: Greek and Roman Sexualities (2000).

Le Moyen Age: Faits Divers (Google Translation): "Les homosexuels américains ont une sorte de cheval de bataille, selon lequel 10% de la population serait homosexuelle et ils croient que cela a été toujours comme ça. Je ne saurait le dire. En Ancienne Grèce, il faisait partie du procès de citoyenneté que le jeune homme, le garçon, ait un amant, un homme bien formé, qui devait l'initier à la vie sexuelle. Cela n'avait rien de dégradant ni pour le garçon qui avait, semble-t-il des fonctions plus passives ni pour l'adulte, dans la plupart du temps marié et père de famille. A Rome, où l'esprit familial était un peu différent, plus dynastique, cette naturalité n'était pas tellement acceptée, mais elle était loin d'être abominée..."

Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities: Homosexuality in “Traditional” Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South Africa (Google Books) - Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Sudan -Mabasha and Their Mashoga in Mombasa. - Interpreting Absence of Evidence and Assertions of Absence (Nuer and Lango). - Spiritual Vocations in Western Africa. - Hausa Roles. - Yoruba Exceptionalism: Antagonistic Acculturation? - A Sometimes Lifelong ”Adolescent Phase” (Dahomey). - Gender-Crossing Wolof and Their Neighbors. - The Kitesha Role Among the Bala - Other Central African Reports. - Angola. - Wives of the South African Mines. - Contemporary Black South Africa and Zimbabwe. - Relations Between Women. (Book Review) (Book Review) (Excerpts) (Amazon Reference) (A review by Gert Hekma par Gert Hekma, Université d'Amsterdam, published in Thamyris, 1999). - Homosexuality in "Traditional" Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South Africa: An overview by Stephen O. Murray (49 pages, PDF Download, or access web page for PDF Download, in 2 paper sizes.)

Male 'Homosexualities' In India / South Asia: Excerpts from - Khan, Shivananda (2001). Culture, sexualities, and identities: men who have sex with men in India. Journal of Homosexuality, 40(3/4), 99-115. & Asthana S, and Oostvogels R (2001). The social construction of male 'homosexuality' in India: implications for HIV transmission and prevention. Social Science & Medicine, 52: 707-21. - Cultural Construction(s) of Same Sex Sexual Relations: A course outline (PDF Download N/A). - Making Mischief and A Past Reclaimed: Homosexuality in India. - Voices of Invisibles: Coping responses of Men who Have Sex with Men (MSM) (2006): Religious as well as non religious writings from the Vedic and ancient period show that intense and passionate relationships between men and between women have always existed in India. In some periods and places, homosexuality was considered to be very natural and an inevitable emotional aspect of human sexual life. For this reason, homosexual relationships were accepted and nobody paid much attention to them. For example, Pradhan, Ayyar and Bagadia (1982a, p.182) note that ‘Homosexuality was not a condemned mode of sexualgratification when the temple sculptors of Konark and Khajuraho were depicting it in stone for all posterity to see...

Cultural constructions of male sexualities in India (1995: Word Download): PDF Download, Must Scroll. - Socio-cultural constructions of male sexual behaviours in South Asia. Khan, Shivananda (2001). Culture, sexualities, and identities: men who have sex with men in India. Journal of Homosexuality, 40(3/4), 99-115: Excerpt. Excerpts. 

Male homosexual identity in Hong Kong: a social construction. - Social construction of male homosexualities in Vietnam. Some keys to understanding discrimination and implications for HIV prevention strategy. - Political-economic construction of gay male clone identity.

Sexualities Concentration of Women’s Studies: The Sexualities concentration of Women’s Studies will provide students with an understanding of sexualities across aesthetic, cultural, historical, legal, literary, political, and social contexts in which human sexualities have been and are currently being expressed and theorized. The concentration will provide students with insights into the social construction of sexualities through their complex interplay with key variants such as gender, race, and class, within micro-cultural, cross-cultural, national, and global communities.  - Minor in Gender, Sexuality, and Culture. 

To "The SEARCH Section" For The Best Search Engines & Information Directories, The Searchable Sites to Locate Papers & Abstracts... and The Sites - Some Searchable - Where "Free Papers" Are Available! 

Homosexuality & Evolution

Evolution myths: Natural selection cannot explain homosexuality (2008, Alternate Link). - Is the existence of homosexuality incompatible with the theory of evolution? - A Revolution In Evolution (2003). - Steven Rose is not entirely convinced by Joan Roughgarden's theory of 'social selection' in Evolution's Rainbow. - Evolution of Sexuality (2006).- Evolution's Rainbow (2004). - On adaptive success and theories of homosexuality (2004). - Study shows male homosexuality can be explained through a specific model of Darwinian evolution (2008). - The evolution of homosexuality: Gender bending... Genes that make some people gay make their brothers and sisters fecund (2008). - Same-sex relationships may play an important role in evolution: Biologists claim that same-sex relationships help drive the evolution of animals' physiology, life history and social behaviour (2009). - Evolution and Homosexuality (2009. Discussion). - The Evolution of a Social Construction: The Case of Male Homosexuality.

A Theory About the Variety of Human Sexual Behavior - Abstract: " Dawkins's theory of gene transmission is extended and applied to develop a theory about the variety of human sexual behavior.  According to this theory, the many different types of human sexual behavior, including the paraphilias, can be seen as having species survival value.  These atypical sexual behaviors all, in some way enhance the general level of sexual excitation in society and therefore increase the likelihood that people will engage in sexual activities that lead to procreation.  Basic differences between men and women can also be understood with this theory.  The political nature of the DSM-III-R, particularly in regard to homosexuality and pedophilia, are discussed as they relate to this theory." "I have never felt completely comfortable with the terms natural and unnatural when they apply to human sexual behavior.  In a sense, one could say that any form of sexual behavior that can be exhibited by a human being must be considered natural in that it is part of the human repertoire.  Generally, the term unnatural has been applied to those variations that have been considered unacceptable to a particular social group."

Why Did Homosexuality Evolve? by Zachary Moore (Video): Is a biological foundation of homosexuality precluded by evolutionary theory? - Darwinizing sexual ambivalence: a new evolutionary hypothesis of male homosexuality (2004).

Zolna, Ben (2009?). The Quandary of Homosexuality: Yet Another Unexplained Hole in Darwinian Evolutionary Theory. In: Karthik Panchanathan, Ed. The Science of Fiction: Evolutionary Explanations of Hypothetical Human Behavior - Volume 1: 31-38. PDF Download.

True Nature: A Theory of Human Sexual Evolution. Part 1 (Full Text): "A historical review of homosexuality in diverse cultures reveals that significantly many cultures have existed where (male) bisexuality has been rather universal and that all cultures have condemned exclusive homosexuality, either legally or with the threat of social rejection. Neither of these facts can be rationalized using the ballpark ‘10%’ statistic for homosexuality believed to be representative of human beings..." - True Nature: A Theory of Human Sexual Evolution. Parts 2–4 (Full Text: Parts 2, 3, 4). - Related Website: True Nature: A Theory of Human Sexual Evolution. - New phylism theory and the homosexualization of the visualization of lust: "Nature needs nurture is the paradigm that replaces nature versus nurture." - Gènes et comportements. Au-delà de l'inné et de l'acquis. / Gene and behaviors. Beyond nature and nurture. (2009).  

In Search of the 'Gay Gene' By Jack Lucentini - An article proposing an evolutionary reason for bisexuality. (2001, Alternate Link):   For another thing, they say bisexuals far outnumber homosexuals. This idea allows them to raise the possibility that an animal could use benefits gained from a homosexual liaison, such as higher status, to reproduce more or care for offspring better. "Most individuals who engage in homosexual behavior are, in practice, bisexual," wrote R.C. Kirkpatrick, a biodiversity specialist with the Nature Conservancy, an environmental group, who authored another paper on the subject in the June issue of Current Anthropology. Both researchers advocate dropping the distinction between "gay" and "straight" individuals. Nature makes no such distinction, and neither did most humans throughout history, they say. Research should focus on a more neutral, simple concept of homosexual or homoerotic behavior, according to the researchers... - Evolución y orientación sexual (2005, PDF, Google Translation).

Origin of "Homo"- A modest proposal : "Homo homo sapiens sapiens" - The "third sex" that made men out of monkeys: "I suggest a prehistoric origin of "the gay little brother effect" of the last members of a large child-flock. The mothers hormonal warfare against the child in her womb was Nature's way of birth control and means of installing female values intravenously in stead of lecturing tin-eared males. Born was the care-bear, the purser, the servant, the hairdresser, the pedagogue, the nurse, the scientist, the humanist, the Renaissance Man, the creative man, the social adept ape, the social climber, the interior decorator. Gone was the aggressive, the criminal, the muscle man, the psychopath, the wifebeater, the absent father.. - What is the Connection Between Homosexuality and Evolution? (Institute for Creation Research). - Nature, evolution and homosexuality.

Genetics and bisexuality (2007, PDF Download): "A population-genetic model indicates that if there is a gene responsible for homosexual behaviour it can readily spread in populations. The model also predicts widespread bisexuality in humans." - Related Vews Item: The Genetics of Bisexuality. - Bisexuality: A Biological Perspective. - Could you be bisexual? Like blogs and iPods once were, this is the new buzz today. Everybody is saying that everyone else is ‘bi’. Nilanjana Sengupta on whether it is possible for us to be so inclined (2006). - An Ethological Perspective on Homosexuality during Adolescence (1987): "Finally, the "naturalness" of adolescent homosexuality as an outcome of an ethological perspective is proposed. Homosexuality is thus presented as a sexual orientation that is not so much a matter of choice but of biological necessity."

Wunsch, Serge (2007). Rôle et importance des processus de renforcement dans l'apprentissage du comportement de reproduction chez l'homme. [Evolution from mammalian heterosexual reproductive behavior to human erotic bisexuality.] PhD Dissertation, Neurosciences Intégratives, L'École Pratique des Hautes Études. Full Text. Abstract: What are the neurobiological dynamics of mammal and human sexuality? In rodents, mainly sexual hormones and pheromones, and secondarily sexual reflexes and reinforcement processes, would be the main innate factors at the origin of a genuine heterosexual reproductive behavior, the purpose of which is, at the favorable season, to achieve copulation permitting fecundation. It would seem that during evolution, owing to the modifications of the brain of rodents into that of Man’s, the hormonal and pheromonal factors have become secondary, whereas the cognitive factors and the reinforcement processes (or reward systems) have become predominant. For these reasons, in Man, the behavior which leads to reproduction may be conceived not as an innate “reproductive behavior”, but as an acquired “erotic behavior” involving behavioral sequences of stimulation of the most erogenous body zones by a partner – no matter what his or her sex. Résumé: Quels sont les facteurs à l'origine des comportements humains ? Quels sont les processus neurobiologiques les plus primordiaux qui sous-tendent le développement et la dynamique de ces comportements ? Comment ces comportements émergent-ils de l'interaction entre les différents facteurs biologiques et environnementaux ? Afin de répondre à ces questions capitales, nous avons réalisé une synthèse transdisciplinaire (neurosciences, éthologie, ethnologie et psychologie) de la littérature actuelle relative au comportement de reproduction...

To "The SEARCH Section" For The Best Search Engines & Information Directories, The Searchable Sites to Locate Papers & Abstracts... and The Sites - Some Searchable - Where "Free Papers" Are Available!

Abstracts

Abstracts: - On the history of biological theories of homosexuality.(1995). - H-Y antigen and homosexuality in men (1997). - Female sexual orientation and pubertal onset  (1998). - Birth Order in Homosexual Versus Heterosexual Sex Offenders Against Children, Pubescents, and Adults (1998). - Homosexuality, birth order, and evolution: toward an equilibrium reproductive economics of homosexuality (2000). - Saints or Sinners: Sociobiological Theories of Male Homosexuality (2000).  - An immune hypothesis of sexual orientation. (2001).  - It's not a choice, it's the way we're built: symbolic beliefs about sexual orientation in the US and Britain (2002). - Evidence against a Relationship between Dermatoglyphic Asymmetry and Male Sexual Orientation (2002). - From gender inversion to choice and back: Changing Perceptions of the Aetiology of Lesbianism Over Three Historical Periods (2003). - Biosocial factors, sexual orientation and neurocognitive functioning (2004).  - The neurodevelopment of human sexual orientation (2005). - Two hypotheses on the causes of male homosexuality and paedophilia (2005). - Biological and psychosocial determinants of male and female human sexual orientation (2005). - The biology of human psychosexual differentiation (2006). - The Etiology of Anomalous Sexual Preferences in Men (2006). - The attitudes of American sociologists toward causal theories of male homosexuality (2006). - Brain response to visual sexual stimuli in heterosexual and homosexual males (2007). 

Abstracts: - Fluctuating Asymmetry and Sexual Orientation in Men and Women (2008). - Espousing Interactions and Fielding Reactions: Addressing Laypeople's Beliefs About Genetic Determinism (2008). - Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men (2008). - Maternal inheritance and familial fecundity factors in male homosexuality (2008). - Sexism and Sexual Prejudice (Homophobia): The Impact of the Gender Belief System and Inversion Theory on Sexual Orientation Research and Attitudes toward Sexual Minorities  (2008). - New Evidence of Genetic Factors Influencing Sexual Orientation in Men: Female Fecundity Increase in the Maternal Line (2009). - Hair whorl direction and sexual orientation in human males (2009). - Cognitive dimensions of way-finding: the implications of habitus, safety, and gender dissonance among gay and lesbian populations (2009). - What is Sexual Orientation and Do Women Have One? (2009). - Common Genetic Effects of Gender Atypical Behavior in Childhood and Sexual Orientation in Adulthood: A Study of Finnish Twins (2010). - Dissecting "gaydar": accuracy and the role of masculinity-femininity (2010).  - Physical Development and Sexual Orientation in Men and Women: An Analysis of NATSAL-2000 (2010). - Biodemographic and Physical Correlates of Sexual Orientation in Men (2010). - Doing Gender in Sex and Sex Research (2009).  

Abstracts:  - Homosexual behavior in primates: A review of evidence and theory (1995). - Homosexual behavior in wild Sumatran orangutans (2001). - Intimate Sexual Relations in Prehistory: Lessons from the Japanese Macaques (1998). - Female Choice and Inter-Sexual Competition for Female Sexual Partners in Japanese Macaques (1998). - Mammalian animal models of psychosexual differentiation: When is ‘translation’ to the human situation possible? (2006). - Inter-Mount Social Interactions During Heterosexual and Homosexual Consortships in Japanese Macaques (2008). - Courtship behaviour in Japanese macaques during heterosexual and homosexual consortships (2008). - The Biogeography and Evolution of Female Homosexual Behavior in Japanese Macaques (2009).

Abstracts: - The Homoerotic Behavior That Never Evolved (1999). - The Evolution of Human Homosexual Behavior (2000). - Is male homosexuality maintained via kin selection? (2001). - A new group-selection model for the evolution of homosexuality (2003). - Darwinizing sexual ambivalence: a new evolutionary hypothesis of male homosexuality (2004). - The alliance theory of homosexual behavior and the perception of social status and reproductive opportunities (2005). - Sexology, the Homo/Hetero Binary, and the Complexities of Male Sexual History (2006). - Sex and Affection in Heterosexual and Homosexual Couples: An evolutionary perspective (2006). - The Evolution of Male-Male Sexual Behavior in Humans: The Alliance Theory (2007).  - Testing Miller's theory of alleles preventing androgenization as an evolutionary explanation for the genetic predisposition for male homosexuality (2009). - Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution (2009). - Psychological Essentialism of Human Categories (2007). - Paving the Way for an Evolutionary Social Constructivism (2008). - Sexual orientation in males and the evolution of anisogamy (2010). 

Abstracts: - Homosexuality in Male Prisons: Demonstrating the Need for a Social Constructionist Approach (1992). - Historical Perspectives on Homosexuality (1998). - John H. Gagnon and William Simon's Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality (1999). - Eroticism and language (1999). - Historicizing inversion: or, how to make a homosexual (2001). - The Gendered Nature of Sexual Scripts (2005). - Hypothesis [Proposition related to a largely not recognized non-heterosexual population] (2005). - The evolution of a social construction: the case of male homosexuality (2006). - Social Constructionism and Sexual Desire (2006). - Essentialism, Power, and the Representation of Social Categories : A Folk Sociology Perspective (2007). - The future of sexology (2009).

Bibliographies

Guide to Gay and Lesbian Resources: History and Ethnology. - Queer by Choice: Books List. - Homosexualité : est-ce un genre à part ? Bibliographie sélective, Bibliothèque nationale de France (2009, Google Translation). - Genetic determinism and sexual orientation bibliography (2005). - Homosexuality in History: A Partially Annotated Bibliography (2000). - Recommended Books For LGBTQ Youth. - GLBTRT TRANScending Identities Bibliography (2005). - Academic Discouses on Homosexuality: Bibliography (Archive Link). - Lesbian and Gay Sexualities: Course content, Bibliography (Archive Link).

Science and Homosexualities - 1996 - edited by Vernon A. Rosario (Google Books) (Review) (Review) "Vernon Rosario in his introductory essay draws attention to the persistence of unhelpful binary divisions in the discussion of homosexuality: nature versus nurture, normal versus pathological, essentialism versus constructionism. Such resort to binary categories seems almost over-determined, given the potential of same-sex desires to destabilise that major distinction of male/female, and the continuing attempts to draw a clear and definite line betwixt gay and straight." - Bioethical Analysis of Sexual Reorientation Interventions: The Ethics of Conversion Therapy - 2004 - by Travis K. Svensson (Google Books).

My Genes Made Me Do It! A Scientific Look At Sexual Orientation  - 1999 - by Neil Whitehead, Ph.D. & Briar Whitehead (Book Website) (Book Download by Chapters) (Review). - Eight Preposterous Propositions: From the Genetics of Homosexuality to the Benefits of Global Warming - 2003 - by Robert Ehrlich (Google Books) (Chapter 1) (Review) (Review) (Review). - Reinventing the Male Homosexual: The Rhetoric and Power of the Gay Gene - 2002 - by Robert Alan Brookey (Amazon) (Google Books) (Table of Contents) (Chapter 1: PDF Download) (Review) (Review) (Related Paper by Author: Bio-Rhetoric, Background Beliefs, and the Biology of Homosexuality, 2001). - Queer by choice: lesbians, gay men, and the politics of identity - 1996 - by Vera Whisman (Google Books) (Review).- Human sexuality and its problems 3rd edition - 2008 - by John Bancroft (Google Books). - Social psychology and human sexuality: essential readings - 2001 edited by  Roy F. Baumeister (Google Books).

Forms of Desire: Sexual Orientation and the Social Constructionist Controversy - 1990 - edited by Edward Stein (Google Books) (Review) (Introduction) (Author Website). - The Construction of Homosexuality - 1988 - by David Greenberg (Google Books) (Review). - The Social Construction of What? - 1999 - by Ian Hacking (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Full Text).  - Sexual Citizenship: The Material Construction of Sexualities  - 1993 - by David T. Evans (Google Books). - Mapping Desire: Geographies of Sexuality - 1995 - by Gill Valentine, David Bell. - Social Perspectives in Lesbian and Gay Studies: A Reader - 1998 - edited by Peter M. Nardi and Beth E. Schneider (Review). - Sexualities and Society: A Reader - 2003 - edited by Jeffrey Weeks, Janet Holland, Matthew Waites (Google Books). - The social construction of difference and inequality (Table of Contents) - 2002, 2006 - edited by Tracy E Ore. - The sexual self: the construction of sexual scripts - 2007 - edited by Michael S. Kimmel (Google Books). - Queering the Color Line: Race and the Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture - 2000 - by Siobhan B. Somerville (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review). - Sex and sexuality in Latin America - 1997 - by Daniel Balderston, Donna J. Guy (Google Books).

Beyond Gay or Straight : Understanding Sexual Orientation - 1996 - by Jan Clausen, Martin B. Duberman (Review). - PoMoSexuals: Challenging Assumptions about Gender and Sexuality - 1997 - edited by Carol Queen and Lawrence Schimel (Abstract, Table of Contents) (Review). - Male to Male: Sexual Feelings Across the Boundaries of Identity - 2000 - by Edward J. Tejirian (Related WebSite: Chapter Excerpts) (Review, Must Scroll) (Google Books). - Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships - 2006 - by William Benemann (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Straight? True Stories of Unexpected Sexual Encounters Between Men - 1998 - edited by Jack Hart (Review).- Queer fictions of the past: history, culture, and difference - 1997 - by Scott Bravmann (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - The Trouble With Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality - 1997 - by Mary Louise Adams (Google Books) (Review).

Bisexualities and AIDS: International Perspectives - 1996 - edited by Peter Aggleton (Google Books) (Review). - Constructing Sexualities: Readings in Sexuality, Gender, and Culture - 2002 - edited by Suzanne LaFont. - Representing Bisexualities: Subjects and Cultures of Fluid Desire - 1996 - edited by Donald E. Hall, Maria Pramaggiore  (Google Books) (Review). - Sexual Nature/Sexual Culture - 1995 - edited by PR Abramson, SD Pinkerton (Google Books). - Sexual Fluidity: Understanding Women's Love and Desire - 2009 - by Lisa M. Diamond  (Google Books) (Review).  - Vice Versa: Bisexuality and the eroticism of everyday life - 1996 - by Marjorie Garber (Review) (Marjorie Garber on Bisexuality).

Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality - 1999 - by Anne Fausto-Sterling (Review) (Review) (Review: The New England Journal of Medicine) (This article is a version of Chapter One) YouTube, Fausto-Sterling on Gender (2009): 1, 2, 3. - Reinventing the Sexes: The Biomedical Construction of Femininity and Masculinity - 1997 - by Marianne van den Wijngaard (Google Books) (Review). - Epistemology of the Closet - 1990 - by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (Review) (Amazon) (Google Books) (Review).- Psychological Perspectives on Human Sexuality - 2000 - edited by Lenore T. Szuchman and Frank Muscarella (Review) (Review). - Gender and archaeology: contesting the past - 1999 - by  Roberta Gilchrist (Google Books) (Related: Is the archaeology of gender necessarily a feminist archaeology?). - Sexuality in World History - 2009 - by Peter N. Stearns (Google Books) (Review). - Beyond sexuality - 2000- by Tim Dean (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review).- Scandinavian Homosexualities - 1998 - edited by Jan Lofstrom (Review).

The Puzzle. Exploring the Evolutionary Puzzle of male homosexuality - 2003 - by Louis A. Berman (Review). - Straight Science? Homosexuality, evolution and adaptation - 1997 - by Jim McNight (Google Books) (Review) (Book Review). - The Prehistory of Sex: Four Million Years of Human Sexual Culture - 1997 - by Timothy L. Taylor. -  Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People - 2004 - by Joan Roughgarden (Author on sex and diversity) (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review). - The origins and role of same-sex relations in human societies - 2008 - by  James Neill (Google Books). - Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity - 1999 - by Bruce Bagemihl (Review) (Review) (Review) (Review). - Homosexual behaviour in animals: an evolutionary perspective - 2006 - by Volker Sommer, Paul L. Vasey (Google Books) (Review). - Conundrum: The Evolution of Homosexuality - 2006 - by N. J. Peters (Review). - Handbook of the Evolution of Human Sexuality - 2007 - by Michael R Kauth, Michael R Kauth (Review) (Review) (Review). 

Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities - 2001 - by Will Roscoe, Stephen O. Murray (Book Review) (Book Review) (Excerpts) (Review). Related: - Homosexuality in "Traditional" Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South Africa: An overview by Stephen O. Murray (49 pages, PDF Download, or access web page for PDF Download, in 2 paper sizes) - Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities (Early parts of manuscript): Homosexuality in “Traditional” Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South Africa (Google Books) - Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Sudan -Mabasha and Their Mashoga in Mombasa. - Interpreting Absence of Evidence and Assertions of Absence (Nuer and Lango). - Spiritual Vocations in Western Africa. - Hausa Roles. - Yoruba Exceptionalism: Antagonistic Acculturation? - A Sometimes Lifelong ”Adolescent Phase” (Dahomey). - Gender-Crossing Wolof and Their Neighbors. - The Kitesha Role Among the Bala - Other Central African Reports. - Angola. - Wives of the South African Mines. - Contemporary Black South Africa and Zimbabwe. - Relations Between Women. - Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature -1997 - edited by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Homosexualities - 2000 - by Stephen O. Murray  (Google Books) (Introduction) (Review) (Review). - Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History - 1996 - edited by  Gilbert Herdt (Excerpt).

Bisexuality in the Ancient World - 1992, 1996 - by Cantarella by Eva Cantarella, Cormac Ocuilleanain (Translator). (Comments) (Review) (Review) (Review). - A History of Bisexuality - 2001 - by Steven Angelides (Google Books). - Historical perspectives on homosexuality - 1981, 1985 - edited by Salvatore J. Licata, Robert P. Petersen (Google Books). - Male Intergenerational Intimacy: Historical, Socio-Psychological, and Legal Perspectives - 1991 - edited by Alex Van Naerssen, Theo Sandfort (Google Books) (Review). - Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity.- 1999 - by Craig A. Williams (Google Books) (Review) (Review) (Review) (Wikipedia: Homosexuality in Ancient Rome).  Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World - 1990 - edited by David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, Froma I. Zeitlin (Google Books) (Review). - The Invention of Heterosexuality - 1995, 2007 - by Jonathan Katz (Google Books) (Excerpt) (Review) (Review) (Review). - The Myth of the Modern Homosexual: Queer History and the Search for Cultural Unity - 1997 - by Rictor Norton (Review). - Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence - 1998 - by Michael Rocke (Google Books) (Review) (Review). - Gay histories and cultures: an encyclopedia - 1999 - edited by  George E. Haggerty (Google Books).  

Search Engines & Directories: - Google.com. - Google Scholar. - MSN Search.- Proteus Search. - Wikipedia Listing of Search Engines. - All GLBT Resource Directories. - Google's GLBT Directory. - Yahoo's Directory. - DMOZ: Open Directory. - BGLAD. - Wikipedia. - GLBTQ: The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture.

Directories for Open Access Resources: - The Directory of  Open-Access Journals. - Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR). - Yahoo Theses Access Directory. - Google Directory: Free Access Online Archives.

Open Access Collections From Multiple Sources: - Australian Research Online. - hal: articles en ligne (French / English Version). - Archive Ouverte INRIA. - Hispana. Directorio y recolector de recursos digitales. - Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal.  - Pacific Rim Library. - OAIster: a union catalog of available digital resources. - OpenPDF.com. - OpenJ-Gate: Open Access. -  findarticles.com: many free full text articles and papers. - Scribd.com. 

Search for Free Papers / Book Reviews: - All Papers are free at BioMed Cental (Open Access) & PubMed Central. - HighWire Press (Numerous Free Papers).  eScholarship Repository:  University of California, e-books, journals and peer-reviewed documents. - DSpace Eprints: Australian National University. - DSpace@MIT. - Virginia Tech: Digital Library / Archives. - eScholarship: U of California. - University of Southampton CiteBase. - Eprints: University of Nottingham. - T-Space at The University of Toronto Libraries.  - NTUR, National Taiwan University. - Allacademic: Some free papers to either read online or download as PDFs. -  UNESCO: Articles, Report, Dissertations, Films, etc. - Kyoto University Research Information Repository. - Doctoral dissertations and other publications from the University of Helsinki. - E-LIS: eprints in Library & Information Services. - CogPrints: eprints. - RePEc: Research Papers in Economics. - DiVa: Scandinavian University Documents. - The International Gay & Lesbian Review (IGLR): Book Reviews & Abstracts. - InterAlia, a peer-edited scholarly journal for queer theory. 

Search for Free Articles, Papers or Reports:  FindArticles.com - The Free Library. - France Queer Resources Directory. - Séminaire gai. - The QRD. - GLBTQ: The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture. - Human Rights Campaign. - IGLHRC: The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission. - ILGA: The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. - ILGA-Europe: International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association of Europe. - Magnus Hirschfeld Archive for Sexology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. - Kinsey Institute Staff Publications. - Sexual Policy Watch Working Papers. -  NAZ Foundation International: Primary aim is to improve the sexual health and human rights of marginalised males who have sex with males, their partners and families in South Asia and elsewhere.  The World Health Orgazization. - The Body: The complete HIV/AIDS Resource. - POZ Magazine: Archive dates back to 1994.

Search for Papers, with Abstract Available (Some May Be Free): The National Library of Medicine (Free papera are highlighted). Abstracts from searches are available at: ERIC: The Education Resources Information Center (Many Free Documents). - Informaworld. - Oxford Journals (Some Open Access Content). - Springer Journals (Some Open Access Content). - ScienceDirect Journals. - University of California Press Journals on Caliber. - IngentaConnect. - Project Muse. - JSTOR: The Scholarly Journal Archive. - Wiley Interscience. - Cambridge Journals Online: Follow Link. - Sage Journals. - Palgrave Macmillan Journals. - Emerald E-journals. - University of Chicago Journals. - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Journals. - HeinOnline (Access Free Content, Law Papers). - SSRN: Social Science Research Network.

Search for Free Theses / Dissertations, May Include Papers: Library & Archives Canada, Electronic Free Theses Download. - Virginia Tech: Electronic Theses and Dissertations. - DSpace@MIT. - Electronic Theses & Dissertations BYU. - OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) Center & Worldwide ETD Index. - Australasian Digital Theses Program (Abstracts Given & Free Downloads). - Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Abstracts). - PQDTOpen Dissertations (Abstracts & Free Downloads: ProQuest). DART-Europe: Free Access to European Doctoral Theses. - The British Library's EThOS service (British Doctoral Theses Abstracts). - DORAS: Free Theses,  Ireland. - TEL (thèses-en-ligne). - DiVa: Scandinavian Theses / Other Documents. - BORA: Open Archive, University of Bergen, Norway.  - Doctoral dissertations and other publications from the University of Helsinki. - LUP: Lund University Publications. - National Cheng Kung University Institutional Repository. - HKU Scholars Hub. - Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertacoes (BDTD), Brazil. - OAIster: a union catalog of available digital resources. Free papers also available - OpenThesis.org.

Full Text Articles / Papers / Studies / Reports (and/or Abstracts):

Adams HE, Wright LW Jr, Lohr BA (1996). Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(3): 440-5. PDF Download.  PDF Download. PDF Download. 

Adelman, Míriam (2000). Paradoxos da identidade: a política de orientação sexual no século XX. Revista de Sociologia e Politica, 14: 163-171. PDF Download. Google Translation.

Adriaens, Pieter R (2007+). Eros’ ambiguity An philosophical history of male love. PDF Download. Publications.

Alexandera GM, Hines M (2002). Sex differences in response to children’s toys in nonhuman primates (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Evolution and Human Behavior, 23: 467-479. PDF Download.

Annicchiarico I (2009). Psicobiología de la homosexualidad masculina: hallazgos recientes. Universitas Psychologica [Psychobiology of Male Homosexuality: Recent Findings], 8(1). PDF Download. Google Translation.

Badgett L, Goldberg N, Sexual Minority Assessment Research Team: SMART (2009). Best Practices for Asking Questions about Sexual Orientation on Surveys. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. PDF Download.

Bagley C, Tremblay P (1998). On the prevalence of homosexuality and bisexuality in a random community survey of 750 men aged 18 to 27. The Journal of Homosexuality, 36(2), 1-18. Full Text (Draft) PubMed Abstract.

Bailey JM, Dunne MP, Martin NG (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3): 524-36. PDF Download. PDF Download.

Bailey NW, Zuk M (2009). Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 24(8): 439-46. PDF Download. Abstract.

Bearman PS, Bruckner H (2002). Opposite-sex twins and adolescent same-sex attraction. American Journal of Sociology 107 1179-1205.PDF For Working Paper. PDF Download. Abstract.

Beckmann Menezes, Aline (2005). Analise da investigacao dos determinantes do comportamento homossexual humano [Analysis of research into the determinants of human homosexual behavior]. PhD. Dissertation,  Universidade Federal do Para. PDF Download. Abstract.

Bem DJ (2000). Exotic Becomes Erotic: Interpreting the biological correlates of sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29: 531-548. Full text.

Bem DJ (1998). Is EBE Theory Supported by the Evidence? Is it Androcentric? A Reply to Peplau et al. Psychological Review, 105(2), 395-8. Full text (Alternate Link).

Bem DJ (1997). Exotic Becomes Erotic: Explaining the Enigma of Sexual Orientation. Invited address presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association. Full text.

Bem DJ (1996). Exotic becomes erotic" a developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 103(2), 320-35. Full text (Alternate Link). - Abstracts of Bem Articles: Complete text of underlined titles are online and can be accessed directly.

Billings, Paul (1993). Genetic discrimination and behavioral genetics: The analysis of sexual orientation.  Intractable Neurological Disorders in Human Genome Research and Society. Proceedings of the Third International Bioethics Seminar in Fukui, 19-21 November, 1993, 35-39. Full text. Full text.

Blanc, Marie-Ève (2005). Construction sociale des homosexualités masculines au Viet Nam. [Social contruction of male homosexualities in Vietnam]. Revue internationale des sciences sociales, 4(No. 186). Full Text. (Google Translation)

Blanchard, Ray (2004). Quantitative and theoretical analyses of the relation between older brothers and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 230: 173-187. PDF Download. Abstract.

Blanchard, Ray (2001). Fraternal Birth Order and the Maternal Immune Hypothesis of Male Homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior 40: 105-114. PDF Download. Abstract.

Blanchard, Ray (2000). Fraternal Birth Order, Maternal Immune Reactions, and Homosexuality in Men. PLS (Politics and the Life Sciences). 2: 157-179. PDF Download.

Blanchard R, Cantor JM, Bogaert AF, Breedlove SM, Ellis L (2006). Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 49(3): 405-14. PDF Download. Abstract.

Bogaert, Anthony F (2003). Number of Older Brothers and Sexual Orientation: New Tests and the Attraction/Behavior Distinction in Two National Probability Samples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3): 644-652.  PDF Download.

Bogaert, Anthony F (2000). Birth Order and Sexual Orientation in a National Probability Sample. The relations between birth order and sexual orientation in both men and women were examined in a national probability sample of the United States.  Journal of Sex Research, 37(3): 361-68. Full Text. (Journal of Sex Research: Table of Contents). Wikipedia: Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation.

Boswell J (1989). Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories. In Duberman M, Vicinus M, and Chauncey G Jr., Eds. Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. New York: Meridian. - Full Text.

Bradley SJ, Oliver GD, Chernick AB, and Zucker KJ (1998).  Experiment of Nurture: Ablatio Penis at 2 Months, Sex Reassignment at 7 Months, and a Psychosexual Follow-up in Young Adulthood, Pediatrics, 102(1). Full Text. PDF Download.

Brickell, Chris (2003+). The Social Constructionisms of Gender and Sexuality. Word Download.

Broeck, Shannon R (2005). Categories of Gender & Sexuality: Exploring the Relationship between Language and the Formation of Non-Heteronormative Identities. Honors Thesis, University of California, San Diego. PDF Download. Download Page.

Brookey, Robert Alan (2001). Bio-Rhetoric, Background Beliefs, and the Biology of Homosexuality. Argumentation and Advocacy, 37(4): 171. Full Text.

Brooks, Ross (2004). The desire and pursuit of the whole: Testosterone, perceived dominance, and sexual preference in men. Full Text. PDF Download.

Bryson M, de Castell S (1993). Queer Pedagogy: Praxis Makes Im/Perfect. Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l'éducation, 18(3): 285-305. PDF Download. PDF Download.

Bubela TM, Caulfield TA (2004). Do the print media "hype" genetic research? A comparison of newspaper stories and peer-reviewed research papers. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 170(9):1399-407. PDF Download. PDF Download. PubMed Abstract.

Burri AV, Spector TD (2008). The Genetics of Female Sexual Behavior. Sexuality, Reproduction and Menopause, 6(2). PDF Download.

Byrd AD, Olsen S (2002). Homosexuality: Innate and Immutable? Regent University Law Review, 14(2): 513-54. PDF Download. PDF Download. Declaration of A Dean Byrd.

Cáceres CF, Konda1 K, Segura1 ER, Lyerla R (2008). Epidemiology of male same-sex behaviour and associated sexual health indicators in low- and middle-income countries: 2003-2007 estimates. Sexually Transmiyyed Infections, 84: i49-i56. PDF Download. PDF Download. Abstract.

Cambell J, l'Anson C (2007). Beyond Gender Essentialism and the Social Construction of Gender: Redefining the Conception of Gender through a Reinvestigation of Transgender Theory. International studies in philosophy, 39(1): 19-30. PDF Download. Download Page.

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